Abstract
This entry describes the importance of past and present developments of vibrational spectroscopies in archaeology to characterize original and decayed chemical compounds, of inorganic and organic nature, present in the bulk and on the surfaces of archaeological objects. Different modes of infrared and Raman spectroscopies are presented (NIR, FTIR, FORS, DRIFTS, FT‐Raman, dispersive Raman), describing the currently available setups (laboratory, portable/handheld, spectroscopic microscopy, and imaging) to perform the measurements, showing their advantages and disadvantages in identifying these chemical compounds. This identification/characterization step is the basis to further define: (1) the procedures and techniques used in the past to manufacture the objects; (2) the impacts of environmental stressors (natural and anthropic, in the burials and surrounding atmosphere) and the subsequent decaying pathways (chemical reactions); and (3) the most adequate remediation (cleaning, consolidation, restoration, etc.) processes that conservators should use based on the acquired chemical knowledge.
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