Abstract
Due to its poor clinical outcome, there is an urgent need to identify novel prognostic markers for stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD). Here, we aimed to explore the relationship between VGLL3 expression and clinico-pathological features, dendritic cells, macrophages, and prognosis of STAD. VGLL3 expression levels were significantly associated with histological grade, T stage, and TNM stage. VGLL3 levels and patient’s age were also independent prognostic factors of the clinical outcome of STAD. In addition, VGLL3 was associated with the abundance of macrophages and dendritic cells in tumor infiltrates, of which only VGLL3 and macrophage counts were the independent prognostic factors of immune cell infiltration in the TIMER Database. Extracellular matrix receptor interaction, focal adhesion, pathways in cancer, MAPK, JAK STAT, and WNT signaling pathways were enriched in VGLL3 high-expressing datasets as determined by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), while DNA replication, glyoxylate, and dicarboxylate metabolism, glutathione metabolism, homologous recombination, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol gpi banchor biosynthesis were enriched in VGLL3 low-expressing datasets. Thus, VGLL3 is a novel prognostic biomarker of both the clinical outcome and immune infiltration in STAD, and may therefore be a promising therapeutic target.
Highlights
Due to its poor clinical outcome, there is an urgent need to identify novel prognostic markers for stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD)
Our data showed that vestigial-like protein 3 (VGLL3) expression significantly correlated with the histological grade (P = 1.437e-05, Fig. 1A), T stage (P = 1.462e-05, Fig. 1B), and TNM stage (P = 0.004, Fig. 1C), but not with age, gender, N stage, and M stage (P > 0.05, Fig. 1D–G) of STAD
These results showed that VGLL3 was highly expressed in poor differentiation (Fig. 1A), advanced T stage (Fig. 1B), and advanced TNM stage (Fig. 1C)
Summary
Due to its poor clinical outcome, there is an urgent need to identify novel prognostic markers for stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD). VGLL3 levels and patient’s age were independent prognostic factors of the clinical outcome of STAD. VGLL3 is a novel prognostic biomarker of both the clinical outcome and immune infiltration in STAD, and may be a promising therapeutic target. It is essential to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying STAD development and progression to identify novel prognostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets to treat gastric cancer. We found that VGLL3 at the protein level as determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) was a novel prognostic biomarker for gastric cancer in the Chinese population[10]. Characteristics Age [0,44] [45,59] [60,74] [75,90] Gender Female Male Grade G1 G2 G3 TNM stage Stage I Stage II Stage III Stage IV T stage T1 T2 T3 T4 N stage N0 N1 N2 N3 M stage M0 M1
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