Very low frequency/low-frequency receiver for monitoring disturbances in the ionosphere D layer

Abstract

The Ionosphere layer can influence radio wave propagation from one place to another place with a very long distance on the Earth and between satellites to the receiver. Each ionosphere layer has different characteristics and the presence of the ionosphere changes daily according to solar activity. The D layer is the innermost ionosphere layer, starting about 60 - 95 km above the Earth’s surface. Observation of the D layer cannot be carried out by balloon, ionosonde, and satellite because it is too low so that continuous observation is very difficult. VLF/LF radio web can be traveled hundreds to thousands of kilometers from the transmitter with multiple reflections between the earth and the ionosphere that is known as the Earth-Ionosphere WaveGuide (EIWG). VLF/LF receiver is an instrument that can be used to observe changes in the low region ionosphere layer due to solar activities.