Abstract
A morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) with temperature-independent behavior, the so-called vertical MPB was investigated in lead-free (K,Na,Li)NbO3–BaZrO3–(La,Na)TiO3 ternary ceramic system. The specimens were synthesized by a conventional solid-state reaction method, and their crystal structures as well as their MPB were determined from X-ray diffraction patterns measured from room temperature to 300[Formula: see text]C. The vertical MPB composition was determined to be 0.9025(K0.45Na0.5Li0.05)NbO3–0.09BaZrO3–0.0075(La,Na)TiO3 and the Curie temperature was found to be about 195[Formula: see text]C. It was successfully confirmed that ceramic samples of this system could be sintered in a reducing atmosphere. For lead-free piezoceramic applications of multilayer actuators using Ni inner electrodes, the results obtained in this work have important practical implications.
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