Abstract
Calanus sinicus, a temperate copepod with a lethal temperature >27°C, is one of the key species in Chinese coastal marine ecosystems. The C. sinicus population increases in spring and declines in early summer annually due to increasing water temperature. Numerous C. sinicus individuals then congregate in the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (YSCWM) and remain under the thermocline from early summer to early autumn. Development and reproduction is halted in this cold and foodless bottom water and they avoid ascending to the hot surface water, which is regarded as an over-summering strategy. Based on discrete water sampling approaches, previous studies demonstrated that higher chlorophyll a (Chl a) levels appeared in the mixed hot surface water layer; however, the subsurface chlorophyll a maximum layer (SCML) has seldom been described. In the present study, various probes and a visual plankton recorder (VPR) were used to determine the fine vertical distributions of environmental factors and C. sinicus. VPR observations showed the ecological responses in fine scale and indicated that few C. sinicus individuals ascend at night, the main population preferred to remain below the SCML all day long. The results demonstrated that a constant thin SCML existed in the YSCWM area, and that the SCML location coincided with or was beneath the thermocline and halocline layers, where the temperature was suitable for C. sinicus. The relationship between abundance and Chl a, showed the diel vertical migration trend of C. sinicus to feed at night in the YSCWM area. In addition to temperature as a main influencing factor, dissolved oxygen concentrations and column depth were also influencing factors. Therefore, in addition to avoiding high surface temperature, energy supplement may be an important driving force confining the diel vertical migration of C. sinicus in the Yellow Sea in summer.
Highlights
Calanus sinicus is a warm-temperate copepod species widely distributed in the shelf ecosystems of the Northwest Pacific Ocean (Chen, 1964; Li et al, 2016), and plays an important role in the marine food web (Uye, 2000; Sun et al, 2010)
All visual plankton recorder (VPR) stations were under highly stratified conditions, and temperature, salinity, and concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) generally exhibited steep changes between 10 and 40 m depth (Figure 2)
Our results showed that all of the individuals detected by the VPR remained in the 9◦C layers with DO (4-7 mg/L) at 40-70 m
Summary
Calanus sinicus is a warm-temperate copepod species widely distributed in the shelf ecosystems of the Northwest Pacific Ocean (Chen, 1964; Li et al, 2016), and plays an important role in the marine food web (Uye, 2000; Sun et al, 2010). C. sinicus in the YSCWM serve as the parental individuals for population development and can be transported southward by monsoon-driven currents (Hwang and Wong, 2005; Yin et al, 2011) These physiological and ecological phenomena are similar to the over-wintering strategy of the dormant copepod species Calanus finmarchicus in the North Atlantic Ocean (Jónasdóttir, 2010)
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