Abstract
BackgroundThe determination of micro-, macroelements and heavy metals in the soil-grapevine-wine system is extremely important for the wine industry, the grape and wine quality, and also for consumer health. The quantitative analysis of 10 elements: Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co were made in soil at different depths and also in grapevines (leaves and canes). For grape juice and wine there were analyzed the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni and Cd on three cultivars Fetească albă, Fetească regală and Riesling italian, located in Turulung vineyard, NW Romania. All the elements were detected using flame atomic absorbtion spectrometry (FAAS).ResultsOnly the Cu concentration left(overline{x}=479.64kern0.5em mathrm{mg}/mathrm{kg}right) has higher values than the maximum limit admitted (20 mg/kg). The concentrations of micro-, macroelements and heavy metals in aerial parts of grapevine cultivars occur in the following order: Ca > Na > Mg > Fe > Cu > Zn > Ni > Pb > Co > Cd in canes and leaves. Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn concentration levels decreased in wine compared to grape must, possibly forming insoluble components that can be removed through sedimentation together with yeasts and lees during fermentation. Cd was under the limit of detection. Heavy metals detected in Romanian wines were below the recommended health limits of the International organization of wine and vine (O.I.V.).ConclusionsIn soil, all the elements studied were under the maximum limit admitted, except, elevated concentrations of Cu. These high values obtained could be an effect of different Cu treatments in vineyards. In canes and leaves, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni had higher concentration levels than in grape juice (must) and wine. Conversely, the metal acumulation of wines obtained by micro-vinification process (in the laboratory) are lower than in must.
Highlights
The determination of micro, macroelements and heavy metals in the soil-grapevine-wine system is extremely important for the wine industry, the grape and wine quality, and for consumer health
The aim of this study is to obtain the overview on micro, macroelements and heavy metals in the northwestern Romanian vineyard soil, aerial parts of vines, grape juice and wine
It is well known that the great mass of vine active roots is situated in 20– 80 cm soil interval [22], were the medium values for Na, Ca and Mg are comparable with the surface (0–20 cm)
Summary
The determination of micro-, macroelements and heavy metals in the soil-grapevine-wine system is extremely important for the wine industry, the grape and wine quality, and for consumer health. Industries from Romania like metallurgy, mining activity (related with the flotation and smelters), energy and fuel production, organic and inorganic pesticide and fertilizer industry ( their application) release wastes containing different heavy metals, in soil and other environmental components [11,12]. Vineyard soils are very degraded and more ready to contamination. In this context, heavy metal pollution of vineyard soils is a major environmental problem that can affect plant productivity, food quality and human health. Some metals like Se, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mg are essential metals since they play an important role in biological systems, while Al, Pb, Ni and Cd are non-essential metals as they are toxic even in trace amounts [13,14]
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