Abstract
Vertical anchors are used in the design of sheet pile bulkheads. Pullout resistance of small vertical anchors placed at shallow depths present a complex three-dimensional problem and classical earth pressure theories underestimate their ultimate pullout capacity. Pullout tests were conducted in the Laboratory for square, rectangular and circular model anchors in mind. Based on model test results, semiempirical relations for ultimate pullout capacity of anchors have been developed. Model test results have been compared with past large-scale field tests and show good agreement. Effect of anchor inclination on pullout capacity has also been studied. Anchor resistance decreased with an increase of anchor inclination.
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