Vertical and horizontal development of the root system of carrots following green manure

Abstract

Cover crops grown as green manure or for other purposes will affect nitrogen (N) distribution in the soil, and may thereby alter root growth of a succeeding crop. During two years, experiments were performed to study effects of nitrogen supply by green manure on root development of carrots (Daucus carotaL). Total root intensity (roots cm 2 on minirhizotrons) was significantly affected by the green manures, and was highest in the control plots where no green manure had been grown. Spread of the root system into the interrow soil was also affected by green manure treatments, as the spread was reduced where spring topsoil Nmin was high. Although N supply and distribution in the soil profile differed strongly among the treatments, no effect was observed on the rooting depth of the carrot crops. Across all treatments the rooting front penetrated at a rate of 0.82 and 0.68 mm day 1 C 1 beneath the crop rows and in the interrow soil, respectively. The minirhizotrons only allowed measurements down to 1 m, and the roots reached this depth before harvest. Extrapolating the linear relationship between temperature sum and rooting depth until harvest would lead to rooting depths of 1.59 and 1.18 m under the crop rows and in the interrow soil respectively. Soil analysis showed that the carrot crop was able to reduce Nmin to very low levels even in the 0.75 to 1.0 m soil layer, which is in accordance with the root measurements. Still, where well supplied, the carrots left up 90 kg N ha 1 in the soil at harvest. This seemed to be related to a limited N uptake capacity of the carrots rather than to insufficient root growth in the top metre of the soil.