Abstract
With the advancement of modulation technology and the requirement for device miniaturization and integration, lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) can be a versatile platform for this pursuit, as it can confine the transmitted light at the nanoscale, leading to a strong light–matter interaction, which can sensitively capture external variations, such as electric fields and temperature. This paper presents a compact microring modulator with versatile tuning based on X-cut LNOI. The LNOI modulator equipped with electrodes with a coverage angle of 120∘ achieved a maximum electro-optic (EO) tuning efficiency of 13 pm/V and a maximum extinction ratio of 11 dB. The asymmetry in the static or quasi-static electro-optic tuning of the microring modulator was also analyzed. Furthermore, we measured the thermal-optic effect of the device with a sensitivity of 26.33 pm/∘C, which can potentially monitor the environment temperature or compensate for devices’ functional behavior. The demonstrated efficient and versatile compact microring modulator will be an important platform for on-chip active or passive photonic components, microring-based sensor arrays and integrated optics.
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