Abstract
The plant glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)-like kinases are highly conserved protein serine/threonine kinases that are grouped into four subfamilies. Similar to their mammalian homologs, these kinases are constitutively active under normal growth conditions but become inactivated in response to diverse developmental and environmental signals. Since their initial discoveries in the early 1990s, many biochemical and genetic studies were performed to investigate their physiological functions in various plant species. These studies have demonstrated that the plant GSK3-like kinases are multifunctional kinases involved not only in a wide variety of plant growth and developmental processes but also in diverse plant stress responses. Here we summarize our current understanding of the versatile physiological functions of the plant GSK3-like kinases along with their confirmed and potential substrates.
Highlights
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)-like kinases, known as SHAGGY-like kinases that were named after the morphological phenotype of a Drosophila melanogaster GSK3-defective mutant [1], are a class of highly conserved multifunctional protein serine/threonine kinases in all eukaryotes
We summarize major cellular and physiological functions of the plant GSK3-like kinases from studies performed in many model and non-model plant species
It is important to note that the nomenclature of the rice GSK3-like kinases is quite confusing in the literature, especially for many of the studies that used “OsGSK2” to name the rice GSK2 (OsSK22) that was widely considered as the rice ortholog of BIN2
Summary
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)-like kinases, known as SHAGGY-like kinases that were named after the morphological phenotype of a Drosophila melanogaster GSK3-defective mutant [1], are a class of highly conserved multifunctional protein serine/threonine kinases in all eukaryotes These kinases are constitutively active under normal cellular conditions but become inactivated in response to a wide range of developmental cues and environmental signals. GSK3-like kinases are encoded by a multigene family (10 in Arabidopsis and 9 in rice) consisting of four subfamilies (Table 1) [7,8] Since their initial discoveries in 1993 [9,10], many molecular and genetic studies have shown that the plant GSK3-like kinases are multitasking kinases involved in a wide range of developmental and stress response processes by binding and phosphorylating diverse protein substrates, including receptors, kinases, ubiquitin ligases, metabolic enzymes, cyclins, and transcription factors [11]. BZR1/BES1, BSKs, YDA, MKK4, MKK5, SPCH, UPB1, TTG1, EGL3, ARF7, ARF19, RD26, TINY, DSK2, CESTA, ICE1, PIF4, GLK1
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