Abstract
This paper presents a study on the verification and validation (V&V) of numerical solutions for round buoyant jets in counterflow. The unsteady flow was simulated using an unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) solver with a two-phase mixture model. This work aimed to quantitatively investigate the reliability and applicability of various uncertainty estimators in the simulation of a buoyant jet in counterflow. Analysis of the discretization uncertainty estimation results revealed that the factor of safety (FS) and the modified FS (FS1) methods were the appropriate evaluation estimators in the simulation of a buoyant jet in counterflow. Validation by comparison with the experimental data indicated that the area without achieving the validation at the validation level was strongly related to the shear layer between the jet flow and the ambient fluid. Moreover, the predicted concentration contours, coherent structures, and centerline concentration were strongly affected by the grid resolution.
Highlights
The effluent discharge in a receiving water body through outfalls and diffusers is generally in the form of a turbulent jet or plume
The situation in which a jet is injected horizontally to the ambient fluid in an opposite direction is called a jet in counterflow, which is found in wastewater outfalls, a rosette jet group [6]
Some experimental studies investigate the behavior of a jet in counterflow using laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) [7,8], particle imaging velocimetry (PIV), and laser induced fluorescence (LIF) [9]
Summary
The effluent discharge in a receiving water body through outfalls and diffusers is generally in the form of a turbulent jet or plume. The flow characteristics and mixing process of jets are affected by the receiving environment (e.g., still water, density stratification, and crossflow). Numerous experimental and numerical investigations have been conducted on the flow characteristics of jets, and some typical phenomena have been identified [1,2,3,4,5]. Some experimental studies investigate the behavior of a jet in counterflow using laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) [7,8], particle imaging velocimetry (PIV), and laser induced fluorescence (LIF) [9]. Wastewater is lighter than the ambient seawater, and the discharging wastewater is in the form of a buoyant jet. Analysis of the mixing process becomes complex if both buoyancy and a jet in counterflow are considered, but a limited number of works have done so [12,13]
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