Venous thromboembolic sequel of head injury: A narrative review

Abstract

In this systematic review, we detailed the current understanding and controversies on venous thromboembolism as the sequel following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The review was conducted on the literature survey to find the thromboembolic morbidities in TBI patients. This review presented the thromboembolic sequel of patients with TBI by a comprehensive focused assembly of research publications by searching various resources. A search strategy with specific inclusion criteria was performed in PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and the WHO Global Health Library. TBI is related with the incremental presence of spectrum of thromboembolic disorders from primary and secondary injuries by the significant increases in the concentrations of the initiating factors of the coagulation cascade. The incidences of thromboembolism vary on factors like the severity of TBI, methods of prophylaxis used or the processes to diagnose embolic involvement. The most effective time for the initiation of antithrombotic therapy chemoprophylaxis should be initiated after 24 h or after 72 h in patients with brain trauma is still a controversial issue. Patients with brain injury are at increased risk for thromboembolism for which prophylaxis and timely management are highly recommended, and this should be available in all levels of care.