Venous access routes for cardiac implantable electronic devices

Abstract

Various venous access routes in the region of the clavicle are available for cardiac device treatment. After many years of choosing access via the subclavian vein, current data explicitly show that lateral approaches such as preparation of the cephalic vein or puncture of the axillary vein are clearly superior in terms of probe durability and risk of complications. This article describes the preparation and performance of the various access techniques and is intended to provide apractical guide for the work in cardiac pacemaker operations. This work continues aseries of articles designed for advanced training in specialized rhythmology.