Abstract
The eastern Russell’s viper (Daboia siamensis) causes primarily hemotoxic envenomation. Applying shotgun proteomic approach, the present study unveiled the protein complexity and geographical variation of eastern D. siamensis venoms originated from Guangxi and Taiwan. The snake venoms from the two geographical locales shared comparable expression of major proteins notwithstanding variability in their toxin proteoforms. More than 90% of total venom proteins belong to the toxin families of Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor, phospholipase A2, C-type lectin/lectin-like protein, serine protease and metalloproteinase. Daboiasiamensis Monovalent Antivenom produced in Taiwan (DsMAV-Taiwan) was immunoreactive toward the Guangxi D. siamensis venom, and effectively neutralized the venom lethality at a potency of 1.41 mg venom per ml antivenom. This was corroborated by the antivenom effective neutralization against the venom procoagulant (ED = 0.044 ± 0.002 µl, 2.03 ± 0.12 mg/ml) and hemorrhagic (ED50 = 0.871 ± 0.159 µl, 7.85 ± 3.70 mg/ml) effects. The hetero-specific Chinese pit viper antivenoms i.e. Deinagkistrodon acutus Monovalent Antivenom and Gloydius brevicaudus Monovalent Antivenom showed negligible immunoreactivity and poor neutralization against the Guangxi D. siamensis venom. The findings suggest the need for improving treatment of D. siamensis envenomation in the region through the production and the use of appropriate antivenom.
Highlights
Daboia is a genus of the Viperinae subfamily, comprising a group of vipers commonly known as Russell’s viper native to the Old World[1]
Where antivenom treatment is concerned in the two geographical areas, the specific antivenom indicated for D. siamensis envenoming, known as D. siamensis Monovalent Antivenom (DsMAV-Taiwan) is only available in Taiwan, despite the fact that D. siamensis is distributed across the southern part of the mainland of China
There are at least two major antivenom manufacturers that produce specific antivenom against the eastern Russell’s viper: (1) In Taiwan, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) produces the Taiwanese D. siamensis Monovalent Antivenom (DsMAV-Taiwan); (2) In Thailand, the Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute (QSMI) produces the Thai D. siamensis Monovalent Antivenom (DsMAV-Thai) and Hemato Polyvalent Antivenom
Summary
Daboia is a genus of the Viperinae subfamily (family: Viperidae), comprising a group of vipers commonly known as Russell’s viper native to the Old World[1]. Based on mitochondrial DNA and multivariate morphological analyses, Thorpe et al.[2] suggested that the Russell’s viper complex diverged approximately 7–11 mybp (million years before present) into the eastern and the western clades, separated by a narrow range of mountains in northwest Burma to the north of the Bay of Bengal This led to the revision of the entire Russell’s viper complex systematics, sinking several subspecies into synonyms that followed biogeographical distribution while elevating Daboia russelii russelii and Daboia russelii siamensis to their respective full species status. With the recent advent of proteomic technologies, the compositions of D. russelii venoms of different regions in South Asia (Pakistan, western India, southern India and Sri Lanka) have been unravelled to great details, improving our understanding of the clinicopathological correlation and effectiveness of antivenom treatment[12,13,14,15,16]. The immunoreactivity of different antivenoms and neutralization of the venoms were investigated
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