Abstract
The work of Rufino Blanco Fombona (1874–1944) and Rómulo Gallegos (1884–1969) is generally understood as reinforcing the then-common Venezuelan representation of race as biological and binary – as separable into either “white” or “non-white”, with the latter category including all mixed-race people who made up 60% of Venezuela’s total population at the time. These authors’ narratives attempt to reinforce these binaries by racially classifying Jewish immigrants at the beginning of the twentieth century – by understanding where they fit within this racial taxonomy. Instead, as I show, these attempts destabilise the categories themselves, leaning first on biological determinism, and then on cultural and ethnic profiling. To make this argument, I analyze Blanco Fombona’s Judas Capitolino (1912) contextualised by his writings on race outside of his fiction, alongside Gallegos’s short-story “Los inmigrantes” (1922). These works take biologically deterministic positions on race in their caricatures of Jews and mixed-race individuals, demonstrating the inability of Jewish immigration to whiten what Gallegos denotes as the “raza autóctona”, the Venezuelan mixed-race individual that he believes to be barbaric and impure. Without the correct shade of whiteness to lighten Venezuela’s mixed-race majority, the “raza autóctona” will take over positions of power, becoming a ruling “barbarocracia”, threatening the white order and dooming Venezuela’s (white) future.
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