Abstract
Visual assessment of velopharyngeal portal is the most effective way of determining portal function during phonation. Direct methods involve viewing the movements of the palate and pharyngeal walls either via nasal endoscopy or oral panendoscopy. Indirect methods utilize radiographic and ultrasonic techniques, though the latter are less precise than the former since they show only pharyngeal wall motion but not the region of contact or gap between velum and pharyngeal walls.
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