Abstract
AbstractThe average velocity of isolated grains of sand was experimentally measured in smooth stratified flow in slightly declined pipes. Isolated particles in smooth stratified flow behave similarly to isolated particles propelled by both hydraulic conveying and intermittent gas/liquid flow. In all three cases, particle velocity is linear with respect to the average liquid velocity of the flow (or the average fluid velocity in the slug body for intermittent flow) and has a gradient of approximately one. The data in stratified flow are successfully correlated dimensionlessly (Eq. 7). The correlation is extrapolated to zero particle velocity to estimate the conditions required to ensure sand transport in a flowline in smooth stratified flow. The experimental results suggest that particle velocity is strongly governed by the size of a particle relative to the depth of the viscous sublayer at the pipe wall. If a particle is larger than the viscous sublayer, it is exposed to more coherent turbulent structures and therefore experiences a greater drag.
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