Vehicle-to-home operation and multi-location charging of electric vehicles for energy cost optimisation of households with photovoltaic system and battery energy storage

Abstract

With the introduction of vehicle-to-home (V2H) technologies, electric vehicles (EVs) are expected to be used as mobile energy storage devices. This will have an impact on the home energy demand and thus on the household energy cost. This study proposes a novel household energy cost optimisation method for a grid-connected home with EV, renewable energy source and battery energy storage (BES). To achieve electricity tariff-sensitive home energy management, multi-location EV charging and daily driving demand are considered to properly schedule the EV charging and V2H events. Cost optimisation results are presented for four scenarios considering two types of usage of EVs. A comprehensive analysis of net annual energy cost (AEC) is presented to illustrate the influence of component capital cost, electricity tariff, V2H cost and daily household consumption. Results show that compared with petrol-based vehicles EVs can reduce the household cost of energy (COE) by at least 22.92 %. V2H is more beneficial with free workplace and public charging, which can further reduce COE by 16.7 % and 25.0 % respectively. The peak household power demand is affected by the peak electricity price in the Time-of-Use (TOU) tariff because the peak price influences the optimal capacities of the renewable energy source and BES.