Abstract
A review is made of effects of machinery traffic on soils and crops, including stress distribution under running gear, soil response to applied stresses, influence of compaction on soil properties and processes, persistence of compaction, and crop response to compaction. The influence of machinery traffic on the crops is divided into several categories: direct damage to growing plants; effects of the state of compactness of the plough layer; residual effects in this layer after re-loosening; effects of subsoil compaction. Traffic intensity and wheel track distribution in different cropping systems are illustrated, and several possibilities for reducing heavy traffic or its negative effects, or to alleviate compaction, are discussed. The present situation in different parts of the world with regard to soil compaction is evaluated, and examples of economic analyses are presented.
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