Vegetation Response to Re-flooding in the Mesopotamian Wetlands, Southern Iraq

Abstract

Wetlands in the Mesopotamian Plain in southern Iraq were extensively drained in the 1990s. Re-flooding of drained areas commenced in 2003, and included parts of the Central marsh between the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers. New vegetation in the re-flooded areas of the Central marsh was studied in 2006. Most of the wetland plant species and communities widely distributed prior to drainage have reappeared, but there were some species and communities that did not re-establish. Aboveground plant biomass is recovering in some communities, but in most of the new communities, biomass and diversity were low. Post-flooding sites were characterized by higher concentrations of chloride and bicarbonates in surface water and higher percent organic matter in sediment than those prior to drainage. Comparisons among the three study sites in the re-flooded areas and those between pre-drainage and post-flooding sites suggests that differences in water quality, including more saline conditions in the re-flooded wetlands, might be hindering the biomass recovery. The water source being limited to only the Euphrates River, a much more subdued seasonal fluctuation in the quantity of water input and output, and inputs of contaminated waters appear to be responsible for the delay in vegetation recovery in the Central marsh.