Vegetation of the eastern communal conservancies in Namibia: I. Phytosociological descriptions

Ben J Strohbach

doi:10.4102/koedoe.v56i1.1116

Abstract

The establishment of communal conservancies aims to have the local communities share in the benefits especially of wildlife resources, in this way spearheading the conservation of the environment. The Desert Margins Programme in Namibia aimed to develop vegetation resource data for the Otjituuo, Okamatapati, Ozonahi, African Wild Dog, Otjinene, Epukiro, Otjombinde, Omuramba Ua Mbinda, Eiseb and Ondjou communal conservancies, in order to assist with natural resource planning. For this purpose, a phytosociological survey of this area, with 422 relevés, was conducted during 2004. The data was captured in Turboveg and forms part of the Namibian phytosociological database (GIVD AF-NA-001). The data was split into two, representing two major land forms, the ‘hardeveld’ and the ‘sandveld’, respectively. A classification was undertaken using the Modified two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) procedure. Further refinements, based on field observations and literature sources, were performed using Cocktail procedures. Thirteen vegetation associations were formally described in this article, of which two were subdivided into subassociations. These associations can broadly be grouped into broad-leaved savanna types typical of the central and northern Kalahari of Namibia and microphyll savannas found on the transitions to the Central Plateau. One association, the Burkeo africanae–Pterocarpetum angolensis, forms the southern fringe of the Zambesian Baikiaea Woodlands ecoregion of the World Wildlife Fund, whilst all the other associations fall within the Kalahari Acacia–BaikiaeaWoodlands ecoregion. The Combreto collini–Terminalietum sericeae is the most widespread association and dominates the landscape. Threats to the vegetation include overutilisation and regular fires, both of which could easily lead to desertification. This threat is aggravated by global climate change.Conservation implications: This article described 13 plant associations of the central Kalahari in eastern Namibia, an area hitherto virtually unknown to science. The information presented in this article forms a baseline description, which can be used for future monitoring of the vegetation under communal land use.

Highlights

Since Namibia’s independence there has been a substantial increase in efforts to develop the country’s communal farming areas. Many of these areas have been, and still are, subjected to poor and indifferent management practices resulting from a lack of sound ecological data and a poor understanding especially of the vegetation resource base – its biodiversity, dynamics, possibilities of utilisation and its limitations (Hines 1992; Mendelsohn et al 2002). This is the case when looking at the communal lands in eastern Namibia, which consist of what was formerly known as Bushmanland, Hereroland West and Hereroland East
This class is typically a semi-open woodland characterised by, ‘... various Caesalpinioideae (Burkea africana, Bauhinia petersiana, occasionally Baikiaea plurijuga and Guibourtia coleosperma) and Papilionoideae (Pterocarpus angolensis), as well as Combretaceae (Combretum spp., Terminalia sericea)’ (Vetter 2001:n.p). This applies, to a large extent, to both the Terminalio sericeae–Schinziophytetum rautanenii and the Burkeo africanae–Pterocarpetum angolensis, both are relatively species-poor in terms of the doi:10.4102/koedoe.v56i1.1116
The vegetation within the eastern communal conservancies of Namibia forms a large expanse of transitional vegetation between the xeric southern Kalahari and the woodlands of the northern Kalahari, with adjacent transitions to the Central Plateau with its stonier and/or loamier soils

Summary

Introduction

Since Namibia’s independence there has been a substantial increase in efforts to develop the country’s communal farming areas Many of these areas have been, and still are, subjected to poor and indifferent management practices resulting from a lack of sound ecological (baseline) data and a poor understanding especially of the vegetation resource base – its biodiversity, dynamics, possibilities of utilisation and its limitations (Hines 1992; Mendelsohn et al 2002). This is the case when looking at the communal lands in eastern Namibia, which consist of what was formerly known as Bushmanland, Hereroland West and Hereroland East. Few attempts have since been undertaken to describe the vegetation of Namibia further (Burke & Strohbach 2000; Strohbach & Jürgens 2010)

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion