Abstract
This paper studies vector surge estimation methods of four different commercial relays. Simulations of frequency and rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) variations, phase angle changes, islandings, short-circuits, and transmission events were performed through ATP software and the detection times were measured to assess the performances of the different vector surge estimation methods. Results indicated that different relays might perform differently for the same event. Moreover, an equivalent equation for vector surge estimation was proposed based on each commercial relay method and a frequency signal as an input. The results indicated the equation presents similar results to ATP models for events with slow angle variations, and the characteristics of each method have a significant impact on results, and it has to be considered to analyze the vector surge trip.
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