Abstract
Abstract To fulfill the demands of high-speed photonic applications, researchers, and engineers have been working to improve the modulation bandwidth (MBW) of semiconductor lasers. We extend our prior work on modeling a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) with multiple transverse-coupled-cavities (MTCCs) to evaluate the feasibility of boosting MBW beyond 100 GHz in this study. Because of the strong coupling of slow-light feedback from nearby lateral transverse coupled cavities (TCCs) into the VCSEL cavity, the laser has a high modulation performance. The intensity modulation response of the VCSEL design using one, two, four, and six TCCs is compared. Due to the optical-feedback (OFB) from short TCCs, which achieves 3 dB MBW reaching 170 GHz, photon–photon-resonance (PPR) is projected to occur at ultra-high frequencies beyond 145 GHz. In terms of the Fourier spectrum of the relative intensity noise (RIN), we characterize the noise features of the MTCC-VCSEL in the ultra-high bandwidth domain.
Highlights
Light emitters utilizing directly modulated vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are appealing for costeffective photonic applications due to the unique properties of VCSELs, such as high efficiency, low power consumption, better temperature stability, and direct fabrication of dense arrays [1, 2]
Examples of the intensity modulation (IM) response spectra with improved modulation bandwidth (MBW) Figure 5: Variation of the bandwidth f3dB of the TTC VCSEL with the (f3dB) of a VCSEL integrated with a single transverse coupled cavities (TCCs) are plotted in coupling ratio η when LC = 5 and 6 μm
We show how increasing the number of lateral TCCs reduces the range of coupling that corresponds to an increase in MBW and increases the bandwidth to much higher and more interesting levels
Summary
Light emitters utilizing directly modulated vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are appealing for costeffective photonic applications due to the unique properties of VCSELs, such as high efficiency, low power consumption, better temperature stability, and direct fabrication of dense arrays [1, 2]. The interaction between the laser mode without OFB and an external mode produced by high OFB [14] is used to explain this photon– photon-resonance (PPR) This interaction occurs because the applied modulation signal produces carrier pulsation at the beating frequency of these two modes, causing a resonance peak in the intensity modulation (IM) response in addition to the CPR peak [15, 16]. The design offered more slow-light coupling into the VCSEL cavity than a VCSEL with a single TCC, which worked to enhance the bandwidth and increase the IM response beyond the CPR frequency [25]. We use the theoretical model in [24] to look at VCSELs in combination with various multi-lateral and short TCC methods for increasing MBW above 100 GHz. The TCCs are planned to encircle the VCSEL, providing direct slow-light input into the main cavity from each TCC.
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