Abstract
BackgroundTo investigate whether neovascularization may arise and be detectable in drusen, as reported in histopathologic studies, by OCTA prior to developing exudation and to assess its prevalence in a cohort of patients with intermediate AMD.MethodsRetrospective cross-sectional study of 128 patients with intermediate AMD recruited as part of a separate ongoing clinical trial conducted at multiple large tertiary referral retina clinics. One hundred and twenty-eight consecutive patients with exudative AMD in one eye and intermediate non-exudative AMD in the fellow eye were enrolled and analyzed between September 2015 and March 2017.ResultsSD-OCTA identified vascularization within drusen in 7 of 128 eyes, for a prevalence of 5.5%. A total of 12 instances of vascularized drusen were noted. Out of the 12 vascularized drusen noted, 7 were located in the parafoveal region or subfoveal region and 5 was in the extrafoveal region. 9 of 12 instances of vascularized drusen exhibited a uniform sub-RPE hyperreflectivity, whilst 3 of 12 exhibited more heterogenous reflectivity. In all 12 instances, FA images failed to identify the neovascular nature of vascularized drusen.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate the utility of SD-OCTA for the diagnosis of vascularized drusen in patients with intermediate non-exudative AMD. Longitudinal studies are needed to delineate the evolution and conversion risk of these lesions over time, which can be of substantial clinical relevance.
Highlights
To investigate whether neovascularization may arise and be detectable in drusen, as reported in histopathologic studies, by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) prior to developing exudation and to assess its prevalence in a cohort of patients with intermediate Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) is deemed the gold standard when assessing for the presence of type 1 neovascularization, owing to its improved penetration below the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)
In this study of patients with intermediate non-exudative AMD, we look to identify the earliest signs of non-exudative macular neovascularization (MNV) and to investigate whether neovascularization may arise and be detectable in drusen as reported in histopathologic studies
Summary
To investigate whether neovascularization may arise and be detectable in drusen, as reported in histopathologic studies, by OCTA prior to developing exudation and to assess its prevalence in a cohort of patients with intermediate AMD. Soft and confluent drusen have been associated with an increased risk of progression to advanced AMD [3, 4]. 80% of cases of vision loss secondary to advanced AMD are due to exudative AMD [5]. Detection of CNV and early management of exudative AMD have been shown to be associated with better visual acuity outcomes in Historically, exudative AMD, presenting as leakage from immature vessels, is diagnosed using fluorescein angiography (FA). Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) is deemed the gold standard when assessing for the presence of type 1 neovascularization, owing to its improved penetration below the RPE
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