Varying nicotine patch dose and type of smoking cessation counseling

Abstract

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To compare the efficacy and safety of 22-mg and 44-mg doses of transdermal nicotine therapy when it is paired with minimal, individual, or group counseling to improve smoking cessation rates. <h3>Design.</h3> —An 8-week clinical trial (4 weeks double-blind followed by 4 weeks open label) using random assignment of participants to both dose (22 or 44 mg) and counseling (minimal, individual, or group) conditions. <h3>Participants.</h3> —Daily cigarette smokers (≥15 cigarettes per day for at least 1 year) who volunteered to participate in a study of smoking cessation treatment. A total of 504 participants were enrolled at two sites. <h3>Intervention.</h3> —Four weeks of 22- or 44-mg transdermal nicotine therapy followed by 4 weeks of dosage reduction (2 weeks of 22 mg followed by 2 weeks of 11 mg). Counseling consisted of a self-help pamphlet (minimal); a self-help pamphlet, a brief physician motivational message, and three brief (≥15 minutes) follow-up visits with a nurse (individual); or the pamphlet, the motivational message, and eight weekly 1-hour group smoking cessation counseling visits (group). All participants returned weekly to turn in questionnaires and for assessment of their smoking status. <h3>Main Outcome Measures.</h3> —Abstinence from smoking was based on selfreport, confirmed by an expired carbon monoxide concentration lower than 10 ppm. Withdrawal severity was assessed by means of an eight-item self-report questionnaire completed daily. <h3>Results.</h3> —Smoking cessation rates for the two nicotine patch doses and three levels of counseling did not differ significantly at either 8 weeks or 26 weeks following the quit date. Among those receiving minimal contact, the 44-mg dose produced greater abstinence at 4 weeks than did the 22-mg dose (68% vs 45%;<i>P</i>&lt;.01). Participants receiving minimal-contact adjuvant treatment were less likely to be abstinent at the end of 4 weeks than those receiving individual or group counseling (56% vs 67%;<i>P</i>&lt;.05). The 44-mg dose decreased desire to smoke more than the 22-mg dose, but this effect was not related to success in quitting smoking. Transdermal nicotine therapy at doses of 44 mg produced a significantly greater frequency of nausea (28%), vomiting (10%), and erythema with edema at the patch site (30%) than did a 22-mg dose (10%, 2%, and 13%, respectively;<i>P</i>&lt;.01 for each adverse effect). Three serious adverse events occurred during use of the 44-mg patch dose. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —There does not appear to be any general, sustained benefit of initiating transdermal nicotine therapy with a 44-mg patch dose or of providing intense adjuvant smoking cessation treatment. The two doses and all adjuvant treatments produced equivalent effects at the 26-week follow-up, and the higher patch dose produced more adverse effects. Higher-dose (44-mg) nicotine replacement does not appear to be indicated for general clinical populations, although it may provide short-term benefit to some smokers attempting to quit with minimal adjuvant treatment. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1995;274:1347-1352)