Abstract
Background Each part of H. annuus plants is traditionally used as medicinal remedies for several diseases, including malaria. Antimalarial activity of the leaf and the seed has already been observed; however, there is no report about antimalarial activity of the other parts of H. annuus plants. In this study, we assess in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity of each part of the plants and its mechanism as antimalarial agent against inhibition of heme detoxification. Objective To investigate the antimalarial activity of various parts of H. annuus. Methods Various parts of the H. annuus plant were tested for in vitro antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain (chloroquine-sensitive), in vivo antimalarial activity against P. berghei using Peters' 4-day suppressive test in BALB/c mice, curative and prophylaxis assay, and inhibition of heme detoxification by evaluating β-hematin level. Results Ethanol extract of the roots showed the highest antimalarial activity, followed by ethanol extract of leaves, with IC50 values of 2.3 ± 1.4 and 4.3 ± 2.2 μg/mL, respectively and the percentage inhibition of P. berghei of 63.6 ± 8.0 and 59.3 ± 13.2 at a dose of 100 mg/kg, respectively. Ethanol extract of roots produced an ED50 value of 10.6 ± 0.2 mg/kg in the curative test and showed an inhibition of 79.2% at a dose of 400 mg/kg in the prophylactic assay. In inhibition of heme detoxification assay, root and leaf ethanol extracts yielded a lower IC50 value than positive (chloroquine) control with a value of 0.4 ± 0.0 and 0.5 ± 0.0 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusion There were promising results of the ethanol extracts of root of H. annuus as a new source for the development of a new plant-based antimalarial agent.
Highlights
Most developing countries, including Indonesia, still depend on using plants in traditional medicine, including antimalarial agents
It has been reported that several chemical compounds were already isolated and identified from various parts of this plant, such as heliangolides, α-pinene, sabinene, helikauranoside, and alkaloid and phenolic group in the leaf part; helianthoside and saponin group in the flower part; fatty acid, tocopherol, tannin, and polyphenol group in the seed part; alkaloid and phenolic group in the stem and root parts [1]
Root extract exhibits the highest in vitro antimalarial activity, followed by leaf and flower extracts with an IC50 value of 2.3 ± 1.4, 4.3 ± 2.2, and 4.8 ± 0.0 μg/mL, respectively
Summary
Most developing countries, including Indonesia, still depend on using plants in traditional medicine, including antimalarial agents. Muti’ah et al [3] report that 80% ethanol extract of H. annuus leaf shows good antimalarial activity with an ED50 value of 4.64 mg/kg. Various parts of the H. annuus plant were tested for in vitro antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain (chloroquine-sensitive), in vivo antimalarial activity against P. berghei using Peters’ 4-day suppressive test in BALB/c mice, curative and prophylaxis assay, and inhibition of heme detoxification by evaluating β-hematin level. In inhibition of heme detoxification assay, root and leaf ethanol extracts yielded a lower IC50 value than positive (chloroquine) control with a value of 0.4 ± 0.0 and 0.5 ± 0.0 mg/mL, respectively. Ere were promising results of the ethanol extracts of root of H. annuus as a new source for the development of a new plant-based antimalarial agent Conclusion. ere were promising results of the ethanol extracts of root of H. annuus as a new source for the development of a new plant-based antimalarial agent
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