Abstract
Eradicated in the world since 1977, smallpox is among the fearfull diseases that could be reintroduced by a bioterrorist act. This is still a hypothetic threat, but all the more worrying that, due to the withdrawal from immunization, the majority of the world population is susceptible again, therefore vulnerable to smallpox infection. Vaccination is the only operational weapon, but conventional vaccines, the only ones available today, bring a high risk of post-vaccination events, often severe. This is why the possible re-introduction of vaccination must be done with caution, and modulated according to the risk level of smallpox re-introduction. Thus, the protection of a population is primarily based on epidemiological surveillance, and more particularly on the watchfulness of clinicians and biologists.
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