Variety of Antibody Responses to BNT162b2 and BBIBP-CorV Vaccinations Against COVID-19 Infections in Baghdad and Fallujah, Iraq

Background:Vaccine hesitancy can limit the benefits of available vaccines in halting the spread of COVID-19 pandemic. Previously published studies paid little attention to Arab countries, which has a population of over 440 million. In this study, we present the results of the first large-scale multinational study that measures vaccine hesitancy among Arab-speaking subjects.Methods:An online survey in Arabic was conducted from 14 January 2021 to 29 January 2021. It consisted of 17 questions capturing demographic data, acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine, attitudes toward the need for COVID-19 vaccination and associated health policies, and reasons for vaccination hesitancy. R software v.4.0.2 was used for data analysis and visualization.Results:The survey recruited 36,220 eligible participants (61.1% males, 38.9% females, mean age 32.6 ± 10.8 years) from all the 23 Arab countries and territories (83.4%) and 122 other countries (16.6%). Our analysis shows a significant rate of vaccine hesitancy among Arabs in and outside the Arab region (83% and 81%, respectively). The most cited reasons for hesitancy are concerns about side effects and distrust in health care policies, vaccine expedited production, published studies and vaccine producing companies. We also found that female participants, those who are 30–59 years old, those with no chronic diseases, those with lower level of academic education, and those who do not know the type of vaccine authorized in their countries are more hesitant to receive COVID-19 vaccination. On the other hand, participants who regularly receive the influenza vaccine, health care workers, and those from countries with higher rates of COVID-19 infections showed more vaccination willingness. Interactive representation of our results is posted on our project website at https://mainapp.shinyapps.io/CVHAA.Conclusions:Our results show higher vaccine hesitancy and refusal among Arab subjects, related mainly to distrust and concerns about side effects. Health authorities and Arab scientific community have to transparently address these concerns to improve vaccine acceptance.Funding:This study received no funding.

Article Figures and data Abstract Editor's evaluation Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion Data availability References Decision letter Author response Article and author information Metrics Abstract Background: Although inactivated COVID-19 vaccines are proven to be safe and effective in the general population, the dynamic response and duration of antibodies after vaccination in the real world should be further assessed. Methods: We enrolled 1067 volunteers who had been vaccinated with one or two doses of CoronaVac in Zhejiang Province, China. Another 90 healthy adults without previous vaccinations were recruited and vaccinated with three doses of CoronaVac, 28 days and 6 months apart. Serum samples were collected from multiple timepoints and analyzed for specific IgM/IgG and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) for immunogenicity evaluation. Antibody responses to the Delta and Omicron variants were measured by pseudovirus-based neutralization tests. Results: Our results revealed that binding antibody IgM peaked 14–28 days after one dose of CoronaVac, while IgG and NAbs peaked approximately 1 month after the second dose then declined slightly over time. Antibody responses had waned by month 6 after vaccination and became undetectable in the majority of individuals at 12 months. Levels of NAbs to live SARS-CoV-2 were correlated with anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and NAbs to pseudovirus, but not IgM. Homologous booster around 6 months after primary vaccination activated anamnestic immunity and raised NAbs 25.5-fold. The neutralized fraction subsequently rose to 36.0% for Delta (p=0.03) and 4.3% for Omicron (p=0.004), and the response rate for Omicron rose from 7.9% (7/89)–17.8% (16/90). Conclusions: Two doses of CoronaVac vaccine resulted in limited protection over a short duration. The inactivated vaccine booster can reverse the decrease of antibody levels to prime strain, but it does not elicit potent neutralization against Omicron; therefore, the optimization of booster procedures is vital. Funding: Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province; Key Program of Health Commission of Zhejiang Province/ Science Foundation of National Health Commission; Major Program of Zhejiang Municipal Natural Science Foundation; Explorer Program of Zhejiang Municipal Natural Science Foundation. Editor's evaluation This study presents important evidence that boosting with the Sinovac Coronavac inactivated vaccine would provide considerable protection from ancestral SARS-CoV-2 in terms of elicited neutralizing antibodies but would offer minimal protection against Omicron subvariants. The evidence supporting the claims of the authors is solid, although using a dilution series instead of one plasma dilution for Omicron neutralization would have strengthened the study. The work will be of very wide interest to the biomedical community and beyond, since it points to the need for a better booster vaccine in China. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.84056.sa0 Decision letter Reviews on Sciety eLife's review process Introduction The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a global health emergency caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), has led to unprecedented global healthcare and economic burdens (Clark et al., 2020). COVID-19 vaccines are indispensable for mitigating this situation and containing the ongoing pandemic, as shown by the decline in new and hospitalized COVID-19 cases since mass vaccination began (Rossman et al., 2021). Inactivated COVID-19 vaccines, such as CoronaVac and BBIBP-CorV, were proven to be generally safe and effective in adults in several clinical trials (Xia et al., 2022; Xia et al., 2020; Wu et al., 2021) and are widely used in China and abroad. Nevertheless, basic questions remain about the vaccine-induced longevity of immunity in the population and the rate of breakthrough infections (Kim et al., 2021). Several studies have gathered immunogenicity data on antibody kinetics after vaccination and showed that neutralizing titers induced by two doses of inactivated vaccine peaked in month 2 and declined to 33.89% by month 6 (Cheng et al., 2022). However, it is important to provide more data on the enhancement and attenuation of immunological protection after vaccination in real-world studies. The SARS-CoV-2 variants that have been classified as variants of interest or variants of concern (VOC) by the World Health Organization (WHO) are responsible for multiple waves of infection (Dyson et al., 2021) and the increased concerns about the protection provided by current vaccines (Mlcochova et al., 2021; Altmann et al., 2021). The Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant recently identified in South Africa has spread globally (Karim and Karim, 2021; Viana et al., 2022), raising concerns about the effectiveness of antibody therapies and vaccines to variants with multiple mutations (Flemming, 2022; VanBlargan et al., 2022; Suzuki et al., 2022; Meng et al., 2022). A recent real-world study in Israel suggested that a third dose of BNT162b2 vaccine was highly effective in preventing infection, severe disease, hospitalization, and death (Barda et al., 2021). Booster vaccines reinstate waning immunological memory and expand the breadth of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants (Goldberg et al., 2021; Zhu et al., 2022; Chen et al., 2022; Cao et al., 2021; Planas et al., 2022). Therefore, the provision of booster vaccinations for SARS-CoV-2 is recommended by the WHO and is being implemented for fully vaccinated recipients in China and other countries. However, data are needed on the protective immune responses elicited by the boosters against VOC in mass vaccination campaigns. We explored the dynamic responses and durations of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in individuals within 1 year of being vaccinated with an inactivated COVID-19 vaccine and speculated on the protection provided based on the attenuation of neutralizing antibody levels. Furthermore, we evaluated the presence of neutralizing antibodies against Delta and Omicron in volunteers boosted with a third dose of inactivated vaccine. Materials and methods Study design and participants Request a detailed protocol The cross-sectional investigation was conducted in five counties of Zhejiang Province, mainland China (Xihu, Yuecheng, Shangyu, Kaihua, and Longyou Districts), after nationwide COVID-19 vaccinations from May to October 2021. Potential participants aged 18–59 years who had no prior vaccinations or were vaccinated with one or two doses of CoronaVac (Sinovac Life Sciences, Beijing, China) were recruited from the community. Individuals with a history of infection with SARS-CoV-2 (based on epidemic surveillance system) or the use of blood products or immunosuppressive drugs were excluded. We randomly enrolled 1067 volunteers, including those on day 0 (V-0, no vaccination), day 14±2 (V1-14d), and day 28±3 (V1-28d) after the first vaccine dose, and day 30±3 (V2-1m), day 90±7 (V2-3m), day 180±14 (V2–6 m), day 270±14 (V2-9m), and day 365±30 (V2-12m) after the second dose and collected their venous blood samples (3–5 ml) to detect serum antibody levels (Figure 1A). This was not a longitudinal survey, as different subjects were enrolled at each point in time. We employed a questionnaire survey at blood drawing visits to gather demographic information. Figure 1 Download asset Open asset Schedule of sample collection. (A) Cross-sectional survey: a total of 1067 participants aged 18–59 were enrolled in five counties in Zhejiang, China. The participants had no previous vaccination or were vaccinated with one or two doses of CoronaVac. Venous blood (3–5 ml) was collected on day 0 (V-0, no vaccination), day 14±2 (V1-14d), and day 28±3 (V1-28d) after the first dose, and day 30±3 (V2-1m), day 90±7 (V2-3m), day 180±14 (V2-6m), day 270±14 (V2-9m), and day 365±30 (V2-12m) after the second dose. (B) Prospective cohort study: 90 healthy adults aged 18–80 years in Jiaxing city were recruited and administered 4 µg/0.5 mL of CoronaVac following a 3-shot vaccine schedule 28 days and 6 months apart. Following that, venous blood was collected from recipients at five timepoints: day 0 (Pre-V, before vaccination), day 30±3 (V2-1m), day 90±7 (V2-3m), and day 180±14 (V2-6m) after the second dose, and day 30±3 (V3-1m) after the third dose. In the prospective cohort study, we recruited 90 healthy adults aged 18–80 years from Jiaxing city, Zhejiang, in June 2021. The main exclusion criteria included previous or later SARS-CoV-2 infection; allergy to any ingredient included in the vaccine; those who had received any blood products or any research medicines or vaccines in the past month; those who had uncontrolled epilepsy or other serious neurological diseases, acute febrile disease, acute onset of chronic diseases, or uncontrolled severe chronic diseases; and those who were unable to comply with the study schedule. Subjects were administered 4 µg/0.5 mL of CoronaVac following a 3-shot vaccine schedule 28 days and 6 months apart. Following that, venous blood (3–5 ml) was collected from recipients at five time points: day 0 (Pre-V, before vaccination), day 30±3 (V2-1m), day 90±7 (V2-3m), and day 180±14 (V2-6m) after the second dose, and day 30±3 (V3-1m) after the third dose (Figure 1B). SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and IgM assay Request a detailed protocol The commercial detection kit iFlash-2019-nCoV NAb assay (Shenzhen YHLO Biotech Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, China) was employed to measure the levels of IgG and IgM against SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (S) and nucleocapsid protein (N) by chemiluminescence immunoassay. Briefly, serum samples were allowed to form a complex with SARS-CoV-2 S- and N-protein antigen-coated paramagnetic microparticles, then an acridinium-ester-labeled ACE2 conjugate was added to competitively combine with the particles, forming another reaction mixture. The analyzer converted relative light units (RLUs) into an antibody titer (AU/mL) through a two-point calibration curve. An inverse relationship existed between the amount of SARS-CoV-2 NAb in the sample and the RLUs detected by the iFlash optical system. According to the manufacturer, titers of ≥10.0 AU/mL and ≥1.0 AU/mL are considered positive (or reactive) for IgG and IgM, respectively. IgG and IgM against SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) were detected using a commercial ELISA kit (Bioscience Biotech Co. Ltd., Chongqing, China). The positive cutoff values for RBD-specific IgG and IgM antibodies were defined as titers of ≥1.0 AU/mL. All tests were performed according to the manufacturer's protocols (Chan et al., 2021; Li et al., 2021). Live virus neutralization antibody assays Request a detailed protocol The levels of neutralizing antibodies to live SARS-CoV-2 were assessed by the reduction in the cytopathic effect (CPE) in Vero cells with infectious SARS-CoV-2 strain 19nCoVCDC-Tan-HB01 (HB01) in a BSL-3 laboratory (Zhang et al., 2021). Briefly, serum samples were heat-inactivated for 30 min at 56 °C and successively diluted from 1:4 to the required concentration in a twofold series. An equal volume of challenge solution containing 100 TCID50 virus was added. After neutralization in a 37 °C incubator for 2 h, a 1.5–2.5×105 /ml cell suspension was added to the wells. The CPE (cytopathic effect) on VeroE6 cells was analyzed at 4 days post-infection. NT50 (50% neutralization titer, the reciprocal of the highest dilution protecting 50% of the cells from virus challenge) was used to show the neutralization titers. NT50 above 1:4 was defined as positive. Pseudovirus-based neutralization test Request a detailed protocol Serum samples were also quantified for their content of SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies to wildtype (Wuhan), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.1.529) using the pseudovirus-based virus neutralization test (Nie et al., 2020). Briefly, serum samples and a positive or negative reference sample were each diluted 50 times with phosphate-buffered saline combined with 50 µl of pseudovirus diluent per well in a 96-well plate. The mixed sample/pseudovirus was incubated at 37 °C and 5% CO2 for 1 hr. A 2×105 /ml BHK-21-ACE2 cell suspension was added to each well of the plate containing the sample/pseudovirus mixture, then the plate was incubated in a 37 °C and 5% CO2 cell incubator for 48 hr. Finally, the number of green-fluorescence-protein-positive cells per well was read with a porous plate imager (Tecan, Shanghai, SparkCyto). The results were determined by comparing the neutralized fraction using the following calculation: (1 – (fluorescence value of each well/average virus control value))×100% (Karaba et al., 2022). At least four wells were left blank for calibration to 0% inhibition. Statistical analysis Request a detailed protocol Sex, age, BMI, and other clinical characteristics were collected for each vaccination recipient. We used the medians and interquartile ranges (IQR) for age, and numbers (percentages) for categorical variables. Specific binding antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 (IgG, IgM) and neutralized fraction of SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies are presented as mean ± standard error (SEM). Neutralizing antibodies are presented as geometric mean titers (GMT), and their 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated with Student's t distribution on log-transformed data and then back-transformed. Comparisons of titer-level differences between the two groups were performed using the paired Student's t-test. One-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) was used to analyze the differences between the mean values at different timepoints. Correlations between NAb titers, neutralized fraction, and IgG/IgM levels were evaluated by Pearson's correlation coefficient. Statistical tests were two-sided, and we considered p-values of less than 0.05 as statistically significant. All statistical analyses were conducted in SPSS 18.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) and GraphPad Prism 9 (San Diego CA, USA). Results Study participant characteristics We conducted a cross-sectional survey and recruited 1067 volunteers who had no vaccination or were vaccinated with one or two doses of CoronaVac in October 2020 or later in this multicenter study. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 59 years, with a median age of 40 years (IQR, [32-48]), and there was a balanced distribution of males (43.3%) and females (56.7%). Samples were collected at eight timepoints, including V-0 (n=91), V1-14d (n=125), and V1-28d (n=91) after vaccination with the first dose and V2-1m (n=100), V2-3m (n=110), V2-6m (n=160), V2-9m (n=190), and V2-12m (n=200) after vaccination with the second dose (Figure 1A). Demographic data for the vaccine recipients are summarized in Table 1. Table 1 Baseline characteristics and anti-S/N antibody levels in the cross-sectional study. V-0N=91V1-14dN=125V1-28dN=91V2-1mN=100V2-3mN=110V2-6mN=160V2-9mN=190V2-12mN=200Median age (IQR), years38(31,47)39(34,47)38(31,47)40(32,50)41(33,55)41(31,48)41(31,48)41(34,49)SexMale3745374954808575Female548054515680105125IgMConcentration (AU/ml)0.4±0.025.1±1.05.1±0.91.4±0.20.4±0.10.3±0.040.3±0.040.2±0.03Seropositivity (%)3.357.675.833.03.64.44.72.0IgGConcentration (AU/ml)0.6±0.13.7±0.564.3±5.879.7±5.729.4±2.410.5±0.98.9±1.06.8±0.9Seropositivity (%)0.07.297.897.088.232.522.113.5 Data are n (%) or median (IQR), or mean ± SEM. The seropositivity rate is when positive concentration of anti-S/N antibody is 10.0 AU/mL (IgG) and ≥1.0 AU/mL (IgM) or more. Table 1—source data 1 Baseline characteristics and anti-S/N antibody levels in the cross-sectional study. https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/84056/elife-84056-table1-data1-v2.xlsx Download elife-84056-table1-data1-v2.xlsx In the prospective cohort study, we recruited 90 healthy adults who met all inclusion criteria and no exclusion criteria, including 40 (44.4%) males and 50 (56.6%) females with a median age of 64 years (IQR, [39-70]), 33.3% of whom had a BMI of ≥24.0 kg/m2, and 33.3% had ≥1 underlying comorbidity (most commonly hypertension and diabetes) (Table 2). The participants were administered a standard dose of the CoronaVac vaccine on days 0 and 28 and a booster dose after month 7. Blood samples were collected at study visit 0 (Pre-V) before vaccination; visit 1 (V2-1m), visit 2 (V2-3m), and visit 3 (V2-6m) after vaccination with the second dose; and visit 4 (V3-1m) after the third dose (Figure 1B). None of participants had a history of laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Table 2 Baseline characteristics for the prospective cohort. N=90P (%)Age group (years)18–442831.145–642123.365–804145.6SexMale4044.4Female5055.6BMI (kg/m2) <18.533.318.5–23.95763.4≥243033.3Chronic conditionsYes3033.3No6066.7 Table 2—source data 1 Baseline characteristics for the prospective cohort. https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/84056/elife-84056-table2-data1-v2.xlsx Download elife-84056-table2-data1-v2.xlsx Dynamics of antibody responses to primary vaccination To explore the dynamic changes in humoral immune responses to the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine, we first evaluated the recipients' anti-S/N IgM and IgG development at different timepoints (Figure 2A). The titer of anti-S/N-IgM on day 0 increased to 5.1±1.0 AU/ml on day 28 after the first dose, though the seropositivity rate was 57.6%. The seropositivity rates of anti-S/N-IgM reached a peak of 75.8% (5.1±0.9 AU/ml) approximately 28 days after the first dose, while the seropositivity of anti-S/N-IgG reached 97.0% (79.7±5.7 AU/ml) approximately 28 days after the second dose. The titer of anti-S/N-IgM rapidly declined to 1.4±0.2 AU/ml, which is close to the threshold value, 28 days after the second dose, while anti-S/N-IgG declined to 10.5±0.9 AU/ml during month 6 after the second dose. A small percentage of the population still had anti-S/N IgG antibodies, with seropositivity rates of 22.1% and 13.5%, respectively, during months 9 and 12 after the second dose (Table 1). Figure 2 Download asset Open asset Anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and IgM levels induced by inactivated COVID-19 vaccines. (A, B) Dynamic changes in anti-S/ N- (A) and anti-RBD- (B) specific IgM/IgG in serum samples from CoronaVac-vaccinated participants at V-0, V1-14d, V1-28d, V2-1m, V2-3m, V2-6m, V2-9m, and V2-12m. (C) Correlation between levels of anti-S/anti-N- and anti-RBD-specific antibodies in IgM (left) or IgG (right) at V2-1m. Dates are presented as mean ± SEM. One-way analysis of variance was used for comparison. Correlations were assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Two-tailed p values were calculated. ns, not significant, * p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. Figure 2—source data 1 Anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and IgM levels induced by inactivated COVID-19 vaccines. https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/84056/elife-84056-fig2-data1-v2.xlsx Download elife-84056-fig2-data1-v2.xlsx S protein RBD binding to the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor is a critical initial step in the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into target cells (Zuo et al., 2022). We detected the anti-RBD IgM and IgG levels in the serum samples at several timepoints after the second dose (Figure 2B). The results were similar to those for anti-S/N antibodies, showing peak levels of anti-RBD-IgM (1.8±0.4 AU/ml) and anti-RBD-IgG (18.0±1.6 AU/ml) 1 month after the second dose, after which, the levels of both gradually waned. Furthermore, analysis showed a good correlation between IgM or IgG and anti-S/N and anti-RBD antibodies (R2=0.7364, p<0.001; R2=0.7170, p<0.001, Figure 2C). Participants were tested with a live virus-based and pseudovirus-based neutralization assay. As depicted in Figure 3A, samples were negative for NAbs at the pre-vaccine baseline, and 87.0% of recipients had a NAb titer greater than 1:4 after the administration of the second dose, along with a GMT of 20.2 (95% the decline in month the values not between month 1 and month 3 However, 12 months after of the population were with a GMT of (95% the neutralized fraction for the pseudovirus was at 1 month after the second dose and slightly (Figure Correlation analysis showed correlation between NAb titers and anti-S/N IgM NAb titers and anti-RBD IgM NAb titers and anti-S/N IgG neutralized fraction and anti-S/N IgM neutralized fraction and anti-RBD IgM between NAb titers and anti-RBD IgG NAb titer and neutralized fraction neutralized fraction and anti-S/N IgG neutralized fraction and anti-RBD IgG Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Neutralizing antibodies induced by inactivated COVID-19 vaccines. (A, B) Dynamic changes in GMT of NAb titer (A) and neutralized fraction (B) in serum samples from CoronaVac-vaccinated participants at V-0, V2-1m, V2-3m, V2-6m, V2-9m, and V2-12m. (C) Correlation levels of and GMT of NAb titer, and neutralized fraction at V2-1m. One-way analysis of variance was used for comparison. Correlations were assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Two-tailed p values were calculated. ns, not significant, * p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. Figure data 1 Neutralizing antibodies induced by inactivated COVID-19 vaccines. Download Antibody responses before and after booster the of antibody responses to the CoronaVac vaccine, we the cohort of 90 individuals booster to 6 months after the second dose, and the are shown in the in Figure At month 1 after the second dose, the seropositivity of anti-S/N and anti-RBD were and and reached peak levels of AU/ml and AU/ml, respectively. After which over time to AU/ml and AU/ml, respectively, in month of the booster dose levels to AU/ml and AU/ml at month 1 and from the (Figure Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Comparisons of IgG and IgM levels and neutralizing before and after booster (A, B) Dynamic changes in anti-S/N IgM and IgG GMT of NAb titer, and neutralized fraction (B) in serum samples from CoronaVac-vaccinated participants at V-0, V2-1m, V2-3m, V2-6m, and One-way analysis of variance was used for comparison. Two-tailed values were calculated. ns, not significant, * Figure data 1 Comparisons of IgG and IgM levels and neutralizing before and after booster Download After the primary two doses and the third booster dose, a similar was in the two neutralization test results (Figure The GMT of the NAb titer peaked at (95% and to (95% at month which was a attenuation of the peak value, with the total seropositivity from to After the booster dose, the GMT increased to (95% that at month which was than the first The showed that the neutralized fraction for the pseudovirus peaked at ± before gradually to ± in month 6 but increased to ± after the The levels of antibodies by age BMI, and chronic at each point are presented in Table The titer showed a statistically age groups during months after the primary but there was no after the booster dose. a NAb titer than males (95% (95% after the booster However, there were no statistically differences in antibody titer levels between the different BMI or chronic Table 3 The of age to GMT and The seropositivity rate is when positive NT50 is above geometric mean titers. Antibody responses to Delta and Omicron variants in the RBD to a reduction in the antibody neutralization of VOC et al., 2021). We measured the levels of neutralizing antibodies against the Delta and Omicron (B.1.1.529) variants from serum samples in month 1 after the primary and booster (Figure in individuals vaccinated with two doses of the inactivated vaccine, the neutralized fraction for the pseudovirus against the Delta variant in the Omicron variant were with that against the strain However, the booster vaccination to a in neutralizing against the The neutralized fraction subsequently rose to 36.0% for Delta (p=0.03) and 4.3% for Omicron after booster dose of inactivated vaccine. The response rate fraction for Omicron rose from 7.9% in the primary two doses to after booster dose. Therefore, results showed that the booster of Coronavac not elicit potent neutralization against Omicron although booster dose slightly increased antibody Figure Download asset Open asset Antibody responses to Delta and Omicron fraction of strain, Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.1.529) variants for CoronaVac and as evaluated by pseudovirus-based neutralization The paired Student's and analysis of variance were used for comparison. Two-tailed p values were calculated. * p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. Figure data 1 Antibody responses to Delta and Omicron Download Discussion Inactivated vaccines have been widely used to the COVID-19 and rate and number of et al., 2021; et al., 2021). However, there has been no correlation between and protection or duration of protection for inactivated COVID-19 vaccines. Our study of antibody kinetics showed that IgM levels peaked 14–28 days after one dose of CoronaVac, after which declined Two doses of the inactivated vaccine induced levels of IgG and neutralizing antibodies, which peaked approximately 1 month after vaccination and declined slightly over time. The vaccine-induced immunity had waned to levels 6 months later and became undetectable in the majority of individuals 12 months studies have shown that antibody responses decline over time after an initial COVID-19 Following vaccination with the BNT162b2 vaccine, humoral responses were after 6 months healthcare in Israel of years of age or et al., 2021). In a of levels was following and BNT162b2 with levels by about and days and days or more after the second dose, et al., 2021). was that the immunity provided by inactivated COVID-19 vaccines, such as CoronaVac and for 6 with a NAb GMT of and in month 6 after the two doses and seropositivity of and (Cheng et al., 2022; et al., 2022). In study, the seropositivity and GMT of CoronaVac at and (95% respectively, for 6 months after the primary which is to prior data on inactivated vaccines (Cheng et al., 2022), although the immunogenicity was than that of other of COVID-19 vaccines. However, the neutralization antibody response levels of different vaccines are to of a of laboratory methods for SARS-CoV-2 neutralization and differences in et al.,

Editor's evaluation: Evaluation of antibody kinetics and durability in healthy individuals vaccinated with inactivated COVID-19 vaccine (CoronaVac): A cross-sectional and cohort study in Zhejiang, China

Decision letter: Evaluation of antibody kinetics and durability in healthy individuals vaccinated with inactivated COVID-19 vaccine (CoronaVac): A cross-sectional and cohort study in Zhejiang, China

Many experts agree and believe that the COVID-19 vaccine is the best way to control the COVID-19 pandemic in a sustainable manner. Each type of vaccine has different side effects and effectiveness. Meanwhile, information regarding the relationship between the type of COVID-19 vaccines and side effects in real populations, especially in Indonesia, is still limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between COVID-19 post-vaccination side effects and COVID-19 vaccine type. From April to June 2022, a cross-sectional quantitative study will be conducted in Bekasi City, West Java, Indonesia. The population consists of all 1,885,014 residents of Bekasi City who have received the first dose of COVID-19 vaccination. The samples obtained were 428 respondents from online surveys employing a purposive sampling technique. Among 428 participants, there were 50.50% received Inactivated Virus (Sinovac/Sinopharm), 23.80% Viral Vector (AstraZeneca), and 25.70% mRNA (Moderna/Pfizer-BioNTech). The adjusted analysis showed a significant correlation between the type of viral vector vaccine (OR: 26.60; 95% CI: 11.04-64.30) and the type of mRNA vaccine (OR: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.17-3.04) with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination. There was a correlation between the type of vaccines with side effects after controlled variables of sex and history of infection.

Seroresponse to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Among Maintenance Dialysis Patients

Safety of COVID-19 vaccination in patients with clonal mast cell disorders

COVID-19 Vaccine Type and Humoral Immune Response in Patients Receiving Dialysis.

PCR158 Hungarians' Attitudes Toward the COVID-19 Disease and Vaccination: An Online Survey

Highly variable SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody responses to two doses of COVID-19 RNA vaccination in patients with multiple myeloma.

Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome following COVID-19 vaccines

Herpes zoster (HZ) has been observed to occur after COVID-19 infection and vaccination; however, knowledge regarding the demographic data, clinical presentations, and treatment outcomes of HZ is limited. To compare the demographic data, clinical manifestations, treatments, and outcomes of patients with and without HZ within 14 days of COVID-19 infection or vaccination. This prospective cohort study involving patients diagnosed with cutaneous HZ was conducted at a dermatology clinic from October 2021 to January 2023. Among a total of 232 patients with HZ, the median age was 62.0 years and 59.1% were female. HZ developed in 23 (9.9%) and four (1.7%) patients after COVID-19 vaccination and infection, respectively. The mean duration from vaccination and the median duration from infection to HZ onset were 5.7 and 8.5 days, respectively. The proportion of female patients was significantly higher in the group of patients with COVID-19 vaccination or infection than in those without such a history (P = 0.035). Patients who developed HZ following the recent COVID-19 infection had a median age of 42.5 years, which was lower than that of the other groups. Dissemination occurred in 8.7% of the patients after COVID-19 vaccination. HZ recurrence was reported in five cases, of which 80% had been vaccinated or infected with COVID-19 during the previous 21 days. All patients had similar durations of antiviral treatment, crust-off time, and duration of neuralgia. HZ after COVID-19 vaccination is more frequently observed in females, while HZ after COVID-19 infection tends to occur in younger patients. Disseminated HZ is more common in patients recently vaccinated against COVID-19. COVID-19 vaccination or infection may trigger recurrent HZ infection.

SARS-CoV-2 antibody response eight months after vaccination with mRNA vaccines. Influence of prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure

COVID-19 Vaccination-Related Lymphadenopathy: What To Be Aware Of.

People living with chronic kidney disease (CKD) face an increased risk of severe outcomes such as hospitalization or death from COVID-19. COVID-19 vaccination is a vital approach to mitigate the risk and severity of infection in patients with CKD. Limited information exists regarding the factors that shape COVID-19 vaccine uptake, including health information-seeking behavior and perceptions, within the CKD population. The objectives were to describe among CKD patients, (1) health information-seeking behavior on COVID-19, (2) their capacity to comprehend and trust COVID-19 information from different sources, and (3) their perceptions concerning COVID-19 infection and vaccination. Cross-sectional web-based survey administered in British Columbia and Ontario from February 17, 2023, to April 17, 2023. Chronic kidney disease G3b-5D patients and kidney transplant recipients (CKD G1T-5T) enrolled in a longitudinal COVID-19 vaccine serology study. The survey consisted of a questionnaire that included demographic and clinical data, perceived susceptibility of contracting COVID-19, the ability to collect, understand, and trust information on COVID-19, as well as perceptions regarding COVID-19 vaccination. Descriptive statistics were used to present the data with values expressed as count (%) and chi square tests were performed with a significance level set at P ≤ .05. A content analysis was performed on one open-ended response regarding respondents' questions surrounding COVID-19 infection and vaccination. Among the 902 patients who received the survey via email, 201 completed the survey, resulting in a response rate of 22%. The median age was 64 years old (IQR 53-74), 48% were male, 51% were university educated, 32% were on kidney replacement therapies, and 57% had received ≥5 COVID-19 vaccine doses. 65% of respondents reported that they had sought out COVID-19-related information in the last 12 months, with 91% and 84% expressing having understood and trusted the information they received, respectively. Those with a higher number of COVID-19 vaccine doses were associated with having sought out (P =.017), comprehended (P < .001), and trusted (P =. 005) COVID-19-related information. Female sex was associated with expressing more concern about contracting COVID-19 (P = .011). Most respondents strongly agreed to statements regarding the benefits of COVID-19 vaccination. Respondents' questions about COVID-19 infection and vaccination centered on 4 major themes: COVID-19 vaccination strategy, vaccine effectiveness, vaccine safety, and the impact of COVID-19 infection and vaccination on kidney health. This survey was administered within the Canadian health care context to patients with CKD who had at least 1 COVID-19 vaccine dose. Race/ethnicity of participants was not captured. In this survey of individuals with CKD, COVID-19 information-seeking behavior was high and almost all respondents understood and trusted the information they received. Perceptions toward the COVID-19 vaccine and booster were mostly favorable.