Abstract

In oil-producing countries, water pollution by crude petroleum oil frequently occurs and causes many environmental problems. This study aims to investigate the effect of crude petroleum oil on the growth and functional trails of the economically important freshwater plant Azolla pinnata R. Br. and to report on the plant’s resistance to this abiotic stress. Plants were raised in an open greenhouse experiment under different levels of crude oil pollution ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 g/L. Plant functional traits were monitored over a three-week period. Plant cover of A. pinnata was decreased with the increased levels of oil pollution. The total chlorophyll content decreased from 0.76 mg/g fresh weight under 2 g/L oil treatment after 21 days of growth. The chlorophyll a/b ratio exceeded the unity at crude oil treatments above 1 g/L, with values reaching 2.78 after seven days, while after 21 days, the ratio ranged from 1.14 to 1.31. The carotenoid content ranged from 0.17 mg/g in the control to 0.11 mg/g in the 2 g/L oil treatment. The carotenoid content varied over time in relation to DNA% damage, which increased from 3.63% in the control to 11.36% in the highest oil treatment level of 2 g/L. The crude oil stress caused severe damage in the frond tissues and chloroplast structure of A. pinnata, including a less compacted palisade, the malformation of the epidermis, the disintegration of parenchyma tissue, and the lysis and malformation of the chloroplasts. Since A. pinnata cannot withstand high concentrations of crude oil pollution, it is for use in the remediation of slightly polluted freshwaters up to 0.5 g/L.

Highlights

  • Environmental pollution with crude petroleum oil results from production activities, such as exploration, extraction, and transporting [1,2]

  • The lowest plant cover percentage under different oil treatment concentrations was found after 21 days, with values decreasing to 86.9 ± 2.6%

  • The total chlorophyll content attained the highest values in the control treatment, amounting to 0.4 ± 0.002, 0.6 ± 0.004, and 0.8 ± 0.008 mg/g fresh tissues (p < 0.05) after 7, 14, and 21 days, respectively (Figure 2)

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Summary

Introduction

Environmental pollution with crude petroleum oil results from production activities, such as exploration, extraction, and transporting [1,2]. Many accidents occur during production activities, such as drilling, transportation, and leakages from storage tanks and pipelines [1,3]. Crude oil spills in the aquatic ecosystem are exposed to compositional changes in its physical and chemical properties [4,5]. Petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs), the polyaromatic constituents, are the most common persistent organic contaminants in aquatic ecosystems [10]. Their accumulation causes mutagenic toxicity or even death to many living organisms, causing biodiversity

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