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Abstract
This study quantifies the climate change (CC)-driven variations in wave characteristics and the resulting variations in potential longshore sediment transport rate along the ~2000 km mainland coast of Vietnam. Wind fields derived from global circulation models (GCM) for current and future (2041–2060 and 2081–2100) climate conditions are used to force a numerical wave model (MIKE21 SW) to derive the deep water wave climate. The offshore wave climate is translated to nearshore wave conditions using another numerical model (Simulating WAves Nearshore—SWAN) and finally, a sediment transport model (GENEralized model for Simulating Shoreline Change—GENESIS) is used to estimate potential sediment transport for current and future climate conditions. Results indicate that CC effects are substantially different in the northern, central and southern parts of the coast of Vietnam. The 2081–2100 mean significant wave height along the northern coast is estimated to be up to 8 cm lower (relative to 1981–2000), while projections for central and southern coasts of Vietnam indicate slightly higher (increases of up to 5 cm and 7 cm respectively). Wave direction along the northern coast of Vietnam is projected to shift by up to 4° towards the south (clockwise) by 2081–2100 (relative to 1981–2000), up to 6° clockwise along the central coast and by up to 8° anti-clockwise (to the north) along the southern coast. The projected potential longshore sediment transport rates show very substantial and spatially variable future changes in net transport rates along the coast of Vietnam, with increases of up to 0.5 million m3/year at some locations (by 2081–2100 relative to 1981–2000), implying major changes in future coastline position and/or orientation. The vicinity of the highly developed city of Da Nang is likely to be particularly subject to coastline changes, with potentially an additional 875,000 m3 of sand being transported away from the area per year by the turn of the 21st century.
Highlights
Vietnam has been identified by the International Panel on Climate Change [1,2] as one of the countries that may be most affected by climate change (CC)
This study has quantified climate change-driven variations in mean wave characteristics and resulting variations in potential longshore sediment transport rate along the ~2000 km mainland coast of Vietnam using dynamically downscaled wind fields derived from two global climate models, two spectral wave models (MIKE21 SW and SWAN), and a longshore sediment transport model (GENESIS)
Results show that the 2081–2100 averaged significant wave height along the northern coast of Vietnam could be up to 8 cm lower, have slightly longer wave periods, and shift towards the south by up to 4◦
Summary
Vietnam has been identified by the International Panel on Climate Change [1,2] as one of the countries that may be most affected by climate change (CC). Changes in regional wave climate and sediment transport rates, in response to climate change-driven variations of atmospheric circulation, are of particular relevance for coastal zone management and planning. Using dynamically downscaled global circulation model (GCM)-derived wind fields and numerical wave modelling, here we derive the contemporary and future deep water wave climate from the Red River delta to the Mekong delta (Section 2), and propagate these waves to the nearshore zone. Using this wave information, we subsequently calculate the potential longshore sediment transport rates in different coastal stretches along the coast of Vietnam (Section 3)
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