Variations in sociodemographic and health-related factors are linked to distinct clusters of individuals with depression based on the PHQ-9 instrument: NHANES 2007–2018

Abstract

BackgroundDepression is a heterogeneous disease. Identification of latent depression subgroups and differential associations across these putative groups and sociodemographic and health-related factors might pave the way toward targeted treatment of individuals. MethodsWe used model-based clustering to identify relevant subgroups of 2900 individuals with moderate to severe depression (defined as scores ≥10 on the PHQ-9 instrument) from the NHANES cross-sectional survey. We used ANOVA and chi-squared tests to assess associations between cluster membership and sociodemographics, health-related variables, and prescription medication use. ResultsWe identified six latent clusters of individuals, three based on depression severity and three differentially loaded by somatic and mental components of the PHQ-9. The Severe mental depression cluster had the most individuals with low education and income (P < 0.05). We observed differences in the prevalence of numerous health conditions, with the Severe mental depression cluster showing the worst overall physical health. We observed marked differences between the clusters regarding prescription medication use: the Severe mental depression cluster had the highest use of cardiovascular and metabolic agents, while the Uniform severe depression cluster showed the highest use of central nervous system and psychotherapeutic agents. LimitationsDue to the cross-sectional design we cannot make conclusions about causal relationships. We used self-reported data. We did not have access to a replication cohort. ConclusionsWe show that socioeconomic factors, somatic diseases, and prescription medication use are differentially associated with distinct and clinically relevant clusters of individuals with moderate to severe depression.