Variations in maturation strains and root shape in root systems of Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.)

Abstract

In order to determine if different types of wood were being laid down in the root system of Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait), in response to wind loading, longitudinal residual maturation strains (LRMS), indicating the existence of mechanical stress in developing wood cells, were measured in the trunk and lateral roots. Two age groups of trees (5- and 13-year- old) were compared. LRMS were greater in the trunk and roots of 13-year-old trees than in 5-year-old trees. This phenomenon may be due to increased competition between older trees. LRMS in leeward roots of both age-groups were positive i.e. the wood cells had developed under compression, as also occurs in reaction wood of gymnosperms. As leeward roots are placed under compression during tree sway, an abnormal type of wood may form in the roots in order to counteract the increased stress. In other roots, the strains were negative i.e. the cells had developed under tension, as occurs in normal wood. In the roots of younger trees, LRMS were also positive nearer the stem, thus indicating that wood formation may also be influenced by bending stresses experienced in this zone. In addition to LRMS measurements, radial growth in roots was examined in order to determine the influence of mechanical loading on secondary growth. In older trees, there was a significant increase of 34% in woody growth below the biological centre, compared to that above. This eccentricity is unlike that found in most other tree species, where secondary growth is usually greater on the upper side of the root. However, Maritime pine has a tap root, which will alter the pattern of stress within the root system. Under wind loading, a concentration of mechanical stress will develop at the bases of the stem, lateral roots and tap root.