Variations in brain morphometry among healthy preschoolers born preterm

Abstract

BackgroundPreterm birth is associated with an increased risk of neonatal brain injury, which can lead to alterations in brain maturation. Despite being born without the most significant medical consequences of preterm birth, infants born early remain at increased risk for subtle brain injury that affects future neurodevelopment and functioning. AimsTo investigate the gray matter morphometry measures of cortical thickness, cortical surface area, and sulcal depth using MRI at 5 years of age in healthy children born preterm. Study designCohort study. SubjectsParticipants were 52 children born preterm (<33 weeks gestational age) and 37 children born full term. Outcome measuresCortical segmentation and calculation of morphometry measures were completed using FreeSurfer version 5.3.0 and compared between groups using surface-based, voxel-wise analyses. ResultsThe preterm group had a significantly thinner cortex in temporal and parietal regions while cortical thickness was significantly larger within occipital and inferior frontal regions. Surface area was significantly reduced within the fusiform gyrus. Sulcal depth was significantly lower within the posterior parietal and inferior temporal regions but greater in the middle temporal and medial parietal regions. ConclusionsRegional differences were found between preschoolers born preterm and full term in cortical thickness, surface area, and sulcal depth. Cortical thickness differences primarily overlapped with regions found in previous studies of older children and adults. Differences in sulcal depth may represent additional areas of maturational differences in preterm children. These findings likely represent a combination of delayed maturation and permanent alterations caused by the perinatal processes associated with preterm birth.