Abstract
BackgroundDyslipidemia in metabolic syndrome may introduce an underestimation of the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) using Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C) as a surrogate marker. Recently, non-High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (non-HDL-C), Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and remnant-Cholesterol (remnant-C) have been suggested as better biomarkers for dyslipidemia. In addition, the microbial metabolites trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), betaine and choline have been associated with CVD and suggested as markers for dysbiosis. There is a lack of knowledge on potential alterations in these biomarkers during the menstrual cycle. The aim of this single center, prospective non-interventional study, was to investigate variations in biomarkers of dyslipidemia and dysbiosis in healthy volunteers during the menstrual cycle.MethodSerum samples were collected from 17 healthy, regularly menstruating women during two menstrual cycles, including the follicular, ovulatory and luteal phases. Levels of lipoproteins, lipoprotein ratios and microbial metabolites were analyzed in a total of 90 samples (30 complete menstrual cycles).ResultsApoB, ApoB/HDL and non-HDL-C/HDL ratios were significantly higher in the follicular phase compared to the ovulatory and luteal phases (p < 0.05). Remnant-C were higher during the luteal phase (p < 0.05). TMAO did not vary during the different phases and did not correlate with estrogen levels.ConclusionOur data support that biomarkers for dyslipidemia vary during the menstrual cycle. Thus, to avoid an underestimation of cardiovascular risk, sampling during the follicular phase, when levels of pro-atherogenic lipids are higher, may be considered.
Highlights
Dyslipidemia in metabolic syndrome may introduce an underestimation of the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) using Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C) as a surrogate marker
Apolipoprotein B (ApoB), ApoB/HDL and non-High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-C)/HDL ratios were significantly higher in the follicular phase compared to the ovulatory and luteal phases (p < 0.05)
Our data support that biomarkers for dyslipidemia vary during the menstrual cycle
Summary
Dyslipidemia in metabolic syndrome may introduce an underestimation of the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) using Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C) as a surrogate marker. While the prevalence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has decreased in men aged 35–54 years, it has increased in women in midlife [1, 4]. The association between MetS and the increased risk for atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes are well known [2, 3, 9]. The triad of dyslipidemia i.e. hypertriglyceridemia, increased Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C) and decreased High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDLC) observed in MetS, introduces an underestimation of the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) using only LDL-C as a surrogate marker [10]
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