Variational Analysis of Oversampled Dual-Doppler Radial Velocity Data and Application to the Analysis of Tornado Circulations

Abstract

Abstract For the detection of severe weather phenomena such as tornados, mesocyclones, and strong wind shear, the azimuthal resolution of radial velocity measurements is more important. The typical azimuthal resolutions of 1° for the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) radars and of 2° for the planned Center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of Atmosphere (CASA) radars are not sufficient for this purpose, especially at far ranges. Oversampling is one strategy that can potentially provide more details about the azimuthal structures of flows, and can be achieved by processing raw data at azimuthal increments smaller than the radar beamwidth. In the presence of dual-Doppler observations, the variational method can be used to effectively recover subbeamwidth structures from these oversampled data, which, combined with the typically higher range resolutions, can provide high-resolution wind analyses that are valuable for, for example, tornado detection. This idea is tested in this paper using simulated data as well as reprocessed level-I data from a research WSR-88D radar, for model-simulated and actually observed tornadoes, respectively. The results confirm that much more detailed, often subbeamwidth, flow structures can indeed be recovered through azimuthal oversampling and a properly configured variational analysis, and the detailed flow analysis is expected to significantly improve one’s ability in identifying small-scale features such as tornadoes from radial velocity observations.