Variation of signal-to-noise ratio of vertical array with sound source depth under wind-generated noise background

Abstract

Wind-generated noise is ubiquitous in ocean environments and highly influences the passive sonar performance. Since it originates from sources near the ocean surface, one of its physical features is that it largely represents only the intermediate- and high-order modes. The array-level signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which includes the array-sampled sound intensity, background noise power, and array gain, is an essential quantity determining the sonar array performance. What is investigated in this work is how the array-level SNR of the vertical line array (VLA) varies with the source depth in downward-refracting shallow water, contributed by the modal structure of the surface noise. On the assumption that the modes are well sampled, it is theoretically demonstrated that the SNR varying with the source depth can be approximated as a linear combination of the lower-order mode-amplitude intensities varying with the water depth. Particularly, when the surface noise especially dominates and the water channel is highly downward refractive, this variation can be represented nearly only by the 1<sup>st</sup>-order mode-amplitude intensity varying with depth. The structure is meaningful in practice. It suggests the SNR will be inherently larger when the source is submerged than it is near the ocean surface, and will be maximized at a source depth slightly below the 1<sup>st</sup>-order mode peak across different source ranges. The above assertions are demonstrated in a typical downward-refracting shallow-water channel; the effects from the dominant degree of the surface noise, sound speed gradient in water column, and array aperture are investigated numerically. The obtained results are shown below. 1) Under certain circumstances, the variation of SNR with source depth is nearly irrelevant to the source range. 2) When the surface noise is more significant, the largest SNR in a certain source range will be more significantly larger than the SNR for the source near the surface, the corresponding source depth will be closer to that presenting the 1<sup>st</sup>-order mode’s peak, and the variation of SNR with source depth is increasingly irrelevant to the source range. 3) A stronger downward-refracting sound speed also enhances this SNR superiority and irrelevance to the source range, but causes the source depth presenting the largest SNR to be more deviated from the 1<sup>st</sup>-order mode’s peak. 4) Although the structure is unraveled on the assumption that the VLA spans the full water column, it can be seen when the VLA does not but covers the low-order modes' main part; when the array aperture is insufficiently large it will become approximately periodic in the source range, with the source depth presenting the largest SNR fluctuating lightly and nearly periodically around the 1<sup>st</sup>-order mode peak.