Abstract
In arid and semi-arid areas, interspecific below-ground competition is prominent in agroforestry systems. To provide theoretical and technical guidance for the scientific management of apple–crop intercropping systems, a field study was conducted in the Loess Plateau of China to examine the variation of fine roots distribution in apple–crop intercropping systems. The fine roots of apple trees and crops (soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) or peanuts (Arachis hypogaea Linn.)) were sampled to 100 cm depth at ten distances from the tree row using the stratified excavation method. The results showed that the vertical distribution of fine roots between intercropped apple trees and intercropped crops were skewed and overlapped. Apple–crop intercropping inhibited the fine roots of apple trees in the 0–60 cm soil depth, but promoted their growth in the 60–100 cm soil depth. However, apple–crop intercropping inhibited the fine roots of intercropped crops in the 0–100 cm soil depth. For the fine roots of each component of the apple–crop intercropping systems, variation in the vertical distribution was much greater than variation in the horizontal distribution. Compared with monocropped systems, apple–crop intercropping caused the fine roots of intercropped apple trees to move to deeper soil, and those of intercropped crops to move to shallower soil. Additionally, apple–crop intercropping slightly inhibited the horizontal extension of the fine-root horizontal barycentre (FRHB) of intercropped apple trees and caused the FRHB of intercropped crops to be slightly biased towards the north of the apple tree row. Variation of the fine roots distribution of each component of the apple–soybean intercropping system was greater than that of the apple–peanut intercropping system. Thus, the interspecific below-ground competition of the apple–peanut intercropping system was weaker than that of the apple–soybean intercropping system. Intense competition occurred in the apple–peanut intercropping system and the apple–soybean intercropping system was in sections whose distance ranged from 0.5–1.3 and 0.5–1.7 m from the tree row, respectively. The interspecific below-ground competition was fiercer on the south side of the apple tree row than on the north side.
Highlights
The agroforestry system is an efficient land use pattern
The fine-root biomass biomass density density (FRBD) of apple trees were concentrated within the 20–40 cm soil depth, where the FRBD of apple–peanut intercropping systems (AP)–A, apple–soybean intercropping systems (AS)–A and monocropped apple trees (MA) accounted for 44.84%, 44.85%, and 42.54% of the total FRBD (0–100 cm), Agronomy 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW
Intense competition occurred in the apple–peanut intercropping system and apple–soybean intercropping system in the sections whose distance ranged from 0.5–1.3 and 0.5–1.7 m from the tree row, respectively
Summary
The agroforestry system is an efficient land use pattern. It breaks single-plantation structures through a horizontal mosaic, stereoscopic collocation and time combination of species, resulting in a new interaction relationship between different species in the distribution and utilization of light, water and nutrients. There are two interaction interfaces in agroforestry systems: one is the above-ground interface, where species compete for light, heat, and water, and the other is the below-ground interface, where interspecific roots compete with soil, water, and nutrients [5,6]. Interspecific competition occurs predominately below-ground [1,7,8]. In arid and semi-arid areas, interspecific below-ground root competition of agroforestry is especially prominent [9,10,11]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
