Variation in the use of discourse markers in a language contact situation

Abstract

ABSTRACTUse of discourse markers by 17 speakers of Anglophone Montreal French (AMF) showed great variation in individual repertoires and frequency of use. Only five subjects manifested rates of usage comparable to those of native speakers or to their own LI usage in English. In decreasing order of frequency, the speakers usedtu sais‘y'know’;là‘there’ (the most frequent among L1 Montreal French speakers);bon‘good’,alors‘so’,comme‘like’, andbien‘well’; and the local discourse conjunctionfait que‘so’. The subjects occasionally made use of the English markersyou know, so, like, andwell. Québécois French markers with no English equivalent were used by the speakers who had been exposed to French in their early childhood environment. The one marker that showed influence from English wascomme, apparently calqued on Englishlike. Overall, frequent use of discourse markers correlated only with the speakers' knowledge of French grammar – evidence that a higher frequency of discourse marker use is the hallmark of the fluent speaker. As a feature that is not explicitly taught in school, mastery of the appropriate use of discourse markers is thus particularly revealing of the speakers' integration into the local speech community.