Variation in rates of ICU readmissions and post-ICU in-hospital mortality and their association with ICU discharge practices

Nelleke Van Sluisveld,Rebecca Holman,Marieke Zegers,Nicolette De Keizer,Ferishta Bakhshi-Raiez,Johannes G Van Der Hoeven,Hub Wollersheim,Gert Wester

doi:10.1186/s12913-017-2234-z

Abstract

BackgroundVariation in intensive care unit (ICU) readmissions and in-hospital mortality after ICU discharge may indicate potential for improvement and could be explained by ICU discharge practices. Our objective was threefold: (1) describe variation in rates of ICU readmissions within 48 h and post-ICU in-hospital mortality, (2) describe ICU discharge practices in Dutch hospitals, and (3) study the association between rates of ICU readmissions within 48 h and post-ICU in-hospital mortality and ICU discharge practices.MethodsWe analysed data on 42,040 admissions to 82 (91.1%) Dutch ICUs in 2011 from the Dutch National Intensive Care Evaluation (NICE) registry to describe variation in standardized ICU readmission and post-ICU mortality rates using funnel-plots. We send a questionnaire to all Dutch ICUs. 75 ICUs responded and their questionnaire data could be linked to 38,498 admissions in the NICE registry. Generalized estimation equations analyses were used to study the association between ICU readmissions and post-ICU mortality rates and the identified discharge practices, i.e. (1) ICU discharge criteria; (2) bed managers; (3) early discharge planning; (4) step-down facilities; (5) medication reconciliation; (6) verbal and written handover; (7) monitoring of post-ICU patients; and (8) consulting ICU nurses. In all analyses, the outcomes were corrected for patient-related confounding factors.ResultsThe standardized rate of ICU readmissions varied between 0.14 and 2.67 and 20.8% of the hospitals fell outside the 95% control limits and 3.6% outside the 99.8% control limits. The standardized rate of post-ICU mortality varied between 0.07 and 2.07 and 17.1% of the hospitals fell outside the 95% control limits and 4.9% outside the 99.8% control limits. We could not demonstrate an association between the eight ICU discharge practices and rates of ICU readmissions or post-ICU in-hospital mortality. Implementing a higher number of ICU discharge practices was also not associated with better patient outcomes.ConclusionsWe found both variation in patient outcomes and variation in ICU discharge practices between ICUs. However, we found no association between discharge practices and rates of ICU readmissions or post-ICU mortality. Further research is necessary to find factors, which may influence these patient outcomes, in order to improve quality of care.

Highlights

Variation in intensive care unit (ICU) readmissions and in-hospital mortality after ICU discharge may indicate potential for improvement and could be explained by ICU discharge practices
Rates of ICU readmissions and post-ICU in-hospital mortality We found a crude ICU readmission rate of 2.9% (1,216/ 42,040)
We found that 20.8% of the ICUs fell outside the 95% control limits and 3.6% outside the 99.8% control limits with respect to ICU readmission and 17.1 and 4.9% with respect to post-ICU in-hospital mortality

Summary

Introduction

Variation in intensive care unit (ICU) readmissions and in-hospital mortality after ICU discharge may indicate potential for improvement and could be explained by ICU discharge practices. Risk factors for ICU readmission and in-hospital mortality following ICU discharge include patient characteristics, such as age, co-morbidities and severity of illness [5, 6], and organisational factors, such as discharge time and the availability of step-down facilities [5,6,7,8]. Coordination of care, and information exchange between ICU and general ward professionals [11,12,13] may increase the risk of a suboptimal handover, severe adverse events, ICU readmissions and mortality [14]. Patients discharged from the ICU are vulnerable to poor handovers due to the complicated physiology [15] and the substantial decrease in monitoring when these patients are transferred from the ICU to a general ward [16, 17]

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusion