Abstract

BackgroundMolecular genetic studies are revealing an increasing number of cryptic lineages or species, which are highly genetically divergent but apparently cannot be distinguished morphologically. This observation gives rise to three important questions: 1) have these cryptic lineages diverged in phenotypic traits that may not be obvious to humans; 2) when cryptic lineages come into secondary contact, what are the evolutionary consequences: stable co-existence, replacement, admixture or differentiation and 3) what processes influence the evolutionary dynamics of these secondary contact zones?Methodology/Principal FindingsTo address these questions, we first tested whether males of the Iberian lizard Lacerta schreiberi from two highly genetically divergent, yet morphologically cryptic lineages on either side of an east-west secondary contact could be differentiated based on detailed analysis of morphology, coloration and parasite load. Next, we tested whether these differences could be driven by pre-copulatory intra-sexual selection (male-male competition). Compared to eastern males, western males had fewer parasites, were in better body condition and were more intensely coloured. Although subtle environmental variation across the hybrid zone could explain the differences in parasite load and body condition, these were uncorrelated with colour expression, suggesting that the differences in coloration reflect heritable divergence. The lineages did not differ in their aggressive behaviour or competitive ability. However, body size, which predicted male aggressiveness, was positively correlated with the colour traits that differed between genetic backgrounds.Conclusions/SignificanceOur study confirms that these cryptic lineages differ in several aspects that are likely to influence fitness. Although there were no clear differences in male competitive ability, our results suggest a potential indirect role for intra-sexual selection. Specifically, if lizards use the colour traits that differ between genetic backgrounds to assess the size of potential rivals or mates, the resulting fitness differential favouring western males could result in net male-mediated gene flow from west to east across the current hybrid zone.

Highlights

  • The study of hybrid zones has led to important advances in understanding the nature of reproductive isolation [1,2,3]

  • Genetic background remained a significant predictor of number of ticks (F1,13 = 43.25, P,0.0001) and body condition (F1,13 = 4.52, P = 0.05) when altitude was included in models as a covariate

  • Similar to the number of ticks, prevalence of haemogregarines was significantly higher at higher elevations (F1,87 = 7.73, P = 0.007) but genetic background remained a significant predictor of haemogregarine prevalence when altitude was included in models as a covariate (F1,14 = 9.47, P = 0.008)

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Summary

Introduction

The study of hybrid zones has led to important advances in understanding the nature of reproductive isolation [1,2,3]. Divergence in aggressive or mating behaviour, may be associated with traits such as pheromones that may be obvious to the animals involved, but less obvious to researchers For this reason, assessing variation in social and sexual behaviour can shed light on the potential evolutionary dynamics of cryptic hybrid zones. Molecular genetic studies are revealing an increasing number of cryptic lineages or species, which are highly genetically divergent but apparently cannot be distinguished morphologically This observation gives rise to three important questions: 1) have these cryptic lineages diverged in phenotypic traits that may not be obvious to humans; 2) when cryptic lineages come into secondary contact, what are the evolutionary consequences: stable co-existence, replacement, admixture or differentiation and 3) what processes influence the evolutionary dynamics of these secondary contact zones?

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