Abstract
The main objective was to investigate malaria transmission dynamics in three different sites, two highland villages (Fort Ternan and Lunyerere) and a lowland peri-urban area (Nyalenda) of Kisumu city. Adult mosquitoes were collected using PSC and CDC light trap while malaria parasite incidence data was collected from a cohort of children on monthly basis. Rainfall, humidity and temperature data were collected by automated weather stations. Negative binomial and Poisson generalized additive models were used to examine the risk of being infected, as well as the association with the weather variables. Anopheles gambiae s.s. was most abundant in Lunyerere, An. arabiensis in Nyalenda and An. funestus in Fort Ternan. The CDC light traps caught a higher proportion of mosquitoes (52.3%) than PSC (47.7%), although not significantly different (P = 0.689). The EIR's were 0, 61.79 and 6.91 bites/person/year for Fort Ternan, Lunyerere and Nyalenda. Site, month and core body temperature were all associated with the risk of having malaria parasites (P < 0.0001). Rainfall was found to be significantly associated with the occurrence of P. falciparum malaria parasites, but not relative humidity and air temperature. The presence of malaria parasite-infected children in all the study sites provides evidence of local malaria transmission.
Highlights
There are large among-site variations in the abundance and temporal dynamics of malaria vector populations indicating that the risk of parasite transmission differs among sites [1]
Among the 300, a sample of 273 Anopheles gambiae was subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis
The results indicated that overall 85 (31%: 95% CI 26–37%) of the 273 mosquitoes were An. gambiae. s.s, but the proportion was significantly greater in Lunyerere (52%) than Nyalenda (19%) and Fort Ternan (5%; P < 0.001)
Summary
There are large among-site variations in the abundance and temporal dynamics of malaria vector populations indicating that the risk of parasite transmission differs among sites [1]. Many factors may be responsible for this spatial heterogeneity of malaria vectors and transmission intensity such as land use and land cover changes, topography, house building materials, and design and the level of household protection measures against mosquitoes [5,6,7,8,9,10]. In Western Kenya, malaria is predominantly a rural disease, and the main malaria vectors are Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, An. Arabiensis, and An. funestus [18]. Temperature decreases with increasing altitude, and at lower altitudes, the high temperature levels
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