Variation in ischemic stroke frequency in Japan by season and by other variables

Abstract

Background and purpose It is unclear whether acute ischemic stroke exhibits a seasonal pattern in Japan. The aim of the present study was to elucidate seasonal differences in acute ischemic stroke. Methods Our study enrolled 12,660 patients with ischemic stroke (7943 men, 4717 women; mean age, 70.1 years, S.D. 11.5; median 70; range 18–107). We divided the year into four parts: spring (March–May); summer (June–August); fall (September–November); and winter (December–February). Time of stroke onset was divided into three subgroups: daytime (08:00–16:00), evening (16:00–24:00), and night (24:00–08:00). We examined the association between clinical characteristics, season, and time of stroke onset. Results Stroke occurred least frequently in spring (22.9%), followed by winter (25.3%), fall (25.8%), and summer (26.0%) ( P<0.001). No differences in age, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, modified Rankin Scale (m-RS) score, history of stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA), or risk factors for stroke were observed among the four seasons. Stroke in men (63.8% vs. 62.4%; P<0.01), lacunar stroke (LS) (41.2% vs. 39.4%, P<0.01), atherothrombotic stroke (ATS) (34.0% vs. 32.3%; P<0.01), and nighttime stroke (26.5% vs. 24.8%; P<0.05) were observed more frequently in summer compared to other seasons. This contrasts with the findings for stroke in women (39.0% vs. 36.7%; P<0.05), cardioembolic stroke (CES) (23.4% vs. 20.6%; P<0.05), and daytime stroke (47.4% vs. 45.0%; P<0.05), which were more frequent in winter. Conclusions Acute ischemic stroke displays seasonal characteristics according to gender, stroke subtype, and time of stroke onset. These results may have important clinical implications in ischemic stroke prevention.