Variation in Electrocution Rate and Demographic Composition of Saker Falcons Electrocuted at Power Lines in Mongolia

Abstract

We examined variation in the number and demographic composition of electrocuted Saker Falcons (Falco cherrug) in Mongolia. We found 1721 electrocuted Saker Falcons during our surveys of multiple power lines in 2013–2015 and 2018. At a single power line surveyed over a 16-mo period in 2013–2014, the lowest electrocution rates occurred from December to March, with a rise in April coinciding with the return of migrant juveniles from their wintering areas. Electrocution rates rose sharply during juvenile post-fledging dispersal, and then declined in October as migrants departed. Monthly changes in electrocution rate and age profile reflected predicted variation in abundance and age structure of the local Saker Falcon population. We found that 88% of electrocuted Saker Falcons were juveniles, mostly killed during their first calendar year. The sex ratio of electrocuted juveniles fledged in the 2013 cohort (hatch-year birds) was significantly female-biased, in contrast to the equal sex ratio of the 2012 juvenile cohort (second calendar-year birds) killed in the same year (2013). Sex ratio of the 2013 juvenile cohort did not differ significantly from parity at other power lines across Mongolia, indicating that sex ratio of electrocuted juveniles can vary in time and space. The sex of electrocuted adults, predominantly males, and an age profile of breeding Saker Falcons that includes younger females suggests a possible male-biased sex ratio among adult Saker Falcons in Mongolia. Given that large numbers of endangered Saker Falcons are electrocuted annually in Mongolia, our study suggests electrocution may be an important driver of demographic trends that can potentially result in population declines.