Variants of the Paramyxovirus Simian virus 5 with accelerated or delayed viral gene expression activate proinflammatory cytokine synthesis

Abstract

Our previous results have shown that the parainfluenza virus SV5 is a poor inducer of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-8 (IL-8) and macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1). By contrast, an engineered P/V mutant rSV5-P/V-CPI− and a naturally-occurring variant WF-PIV (Wake Forest–Parainfluenza Virus) are both potent activators of IL-8 and MCP-1. In the present study, we addressed the question of why rSV5-WT is such a poor inducer of host cytokine responses relative to the two SV5 variants, and we used the CC chemokine RANTES as a measure of host responses. Time course experiments showed high-level secretion of IL-6 and RANTES following infections of human A549 lung epithelial cells with the P/V-CPI− mutant and WF-PIV. By contrast, SV5-WT induced very low cytokine responses, with the notable exception of moderate induction of RANTES. The mechanism of RANTES induction by the two SV5 variants shared common properties, since RANTES secretion from infected cells had similar kinetics, depended on virus replication, correlated with increased RANTES mRNA levels and promoter activation, and was reduced by inhibitors of the p38 MAPK, ERK, and PI3K pathways. Despite the similar mechanisms of RANTES induction, the two SV5 variants differed dramatically in their growth and gene expression kinetics. By comparison to the P/V mutant rSV5-P/V-CPI− which has accelerated viral gene expression, WF-PIV infection showed a prolonged delay in viral replication, and infected cells did not show high-level viral RNA and protein expression until ∼12–24 hpi. Sequence analysis revealed that the N, P, V, and M genes from WF-PIV differed by 3, 8, 5, and 10 amino acids compared to rSV5-WT, respectively. Chimeric viruses harboring the WF-PIV P/V or M genes in the context of the other rSV5 genes had growth properties similar to rSV5-WT but had a RANTES-inducing phenotype similar to that of the bone fide WF-PIV virus. Our data indicate a role for both the P/V and the M gene products as determinants of RANTES induction in response to SV5 infection.