Abstract
A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a modern technology in radio communication. A WSN comprises a number of sensors that are randomly spread in a specific area for sensing and monitoring physical attributes that are difficult to monitor by humans, such as temperature, humidity, and pressure. Many problems, including data routing, power consumption, clustering, and selecting cluster heads (CHs), may occur due to the nature of WSNs. Various protocols have been conducted to resolve these issues. One of the important hierarchical protocols that are used to reduce power consumption in WSNs is low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH). This paper presents a comprehensive study of clustering protocols for WSNs that are relevant to LEACH. This paper is the first to emphasis on cluster formation and CHs selection methods and their strengths and weaknesses. A new taxonomy is presented to discuss LEACH variants on the basis of different classes, and the current survey is compared with other existing surveys. A complete comparison of the location, energy, complexity, reliability, multi–hop path, and load balancing characteristics of LEACH variants is conducted. Future research guidelines for CHs selection and cluster formation in WSNs are also discussed.
Highlights
Research interest in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has increased significantly during last few decades [1] because of the increased use of WSNs for many purposes, such as monitoring environments to collect data on physical attributes, road traffic monitoring, health monitoring, and transportation [2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
The idea of the low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol [19] is to improve the efficiency of WSNs by reducing power consumption
Each node selects the appropriate cluster heads (CHs) to connect with it depending on the strength of a where p is the percentage of CHs, r is the existing round, and G is a group of nodes that did not become
Summary
Research interest in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has increased significantly during last few decades [1] because of the increased use of WSNs for many purposes, such as monitoring environments to collect data on physical attributes (e.g., temperature and pressure), road traffic monitoring, health monitoring, and transportation [2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. This survey presents an organized and comprehensive review of LEACH enhancement clustering routing protocols by using a new taxonomy depends on different parameters, such as distance, routing path, and network coverage, with emphasis on clustering technology and challenges The classification in this survey depends on CH selection and cluster formation methods, which are new classifications of LEACH enhancement protocols for WSNs in term of distance, energy efficiency, residual energy, and network coverage. A comparison among protocols is performed in terms of several parameters (e.g., energy, overhead, and complexity) to help researchers select the most efficient protocol based on their needs This survey is organized as follows: Section 2 provides a background of WSNs and an overview of the LEACH protocol.
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