Variable reverse power flow-Part II: Electricity market model and results

Abstract

This is the second part (Part-II) of the companion paper (Part-I) on variable reverse power flow in active distribution networks with wind stations (WSs). In Part-I, the original model of active-reactive optimal power flow was further developed to explore the pure potential of the reactive power capability of WSs in the absence of battery storage systems. Here, we answer the questions raised in Part-I by investigating an electricity market model. The most interesting results from applying the extended model on a real medium-voltage network are presented. For instance, we demonstrate that the reactive power capability of WSs will be never utilized during days with zero wind power and varying limits on power factors (PFs). In contrast, more than 10% of active and 15% of reactive energy losses costs, respectively, and 100% of the cost of reactive energy to be imported from a transmission network can be saved if WSs are operated like capacitor banks with no limits on PFs.