Abstract
Ultrahigh‐resolution bathymetric maps (25 cm grid) are used to quantify the physical dimensions of and spatial relationships between tectonic, volcanic, and hydrothermal features at six hydrothermal vent fields in the Lau back‐arc basin. Supplemented with near‐bottom photos, and nested within regional DSL‐120A side‐scan sonar data, these maps provide insight into the nature of hydrothermal systems along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC) and Valu Fa Ridge (VFR). Along‐axis transitions evident in localized volcanic morphology and tectonic characteristics include a change from broad low‐relief volcanic domes (hundreds of meters wide, <10 m tall) that are dominated by pillow and lobate lava morphologies and are cut by faults and fissures to higher aspect ratio volcanic domes (tens of meters wide, tens of meters tall) dominated by aa‐type lava morphologies, with finger‐like flows, and few tectonic structures. These along‐axis differences in localized seafloor morphology suggest differences in hydrothermal circulation pathways within the shallow crust and correlate with regional transitions in a variety of ridge properties, including the large‐scale morphology of the ridge axis (shallow axial valley to axial high), seafloor lava compositions, and seismic properties of the upper crust. Differences in morphologic characteristics of individual flows and lava types were also quantified, providing an important first step toward the remote characterization of complex terrains associated with hydrothermal vent fields.
Highlights
Variable morphologic expression of volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes at six hydrothermal vent fields in the Lau back-arc basin
Along-axis transitions evident in localized volcanic morphology and tectonic characteristics include a change from broad low-relief volcanic domes that are dominated by pillow and lobate lava morphologies and are cut by faults and fissures to higher aspect ratio volcanic domes dominated by aa-type lava morphologies, with finger-like flows, and few tectonic structures
An alongaxis gradient in volcanic morphology from north to south is evident, with the northern two vent fields dominated by pillow and lobate terrains on broad low-relief volcanic domes, the central two vent fields characterized by variable terrain composed of pillows and rough rubbley aa-type volcanic terrain and finger-like flow fronts, and the southern two vent fields dominated by aa-type flows, smaller and higher relief volcanic domes and some finger-like flows
Summary
Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, 215 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, USA [1] Ultrahigh-resolution bathymetric maps (25 cm grid) are used to quantify the physical dimensions of and spatial relationships between tectonic, volcanic, and hydrothermal features at six hydrothermal vent fields in the Lau back-arc basin. Along-axis transitions evident in localized volcanic morphology and tectonic characteristics include a change from broad low-relief volcanic domes (hundreds of meters wide,
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