Variable Fluorescence and Fluorescence Spectra of Algae after Herbicide-Induced Pigment Bleaching

Abstract

Herbicides like norflurazon, oxadiazon, or oxyfluorfen affect the pigment apparatus of green algae. Their influence on variable (FmaK - F0) and initial fluorescence (F0) as well as on the state of chlorophylls were investigated. Two main modes of action of these herbicides on the photo­synthetic apparatus during growth have been found: First: Scenedesmus cells grown with norflurazon. a carotene-biosynthesis inhibitor, show chlorophyll bleaching concurrently with decrease or inactivation of photosystem-II reaction centers, with small changes in fluorescence spectra. Further, electron transport is blocked at the acceptor side of photosystem II. Disappearance or inactivation of photosystem-II reaction centers after a 50% loss of chlorophyll is accompanied by a sharp increase of the F0 yield, with small changes in the chlorophyll state. The slow-decay phase in fluorescence induction of these cells, enhanced by dithionite, is ascribed to a reversible photobleaching of chlorophyll during the measurement. Second: Oxadiazon and oxyfluorfen alter substantially the state of chlorophylls and cause strong bleaching, but reaction centers of photosystem II, although less than in control cells, are active even after an 80% disappearance of chlorophyll. The yields of F0 and (Fmax - F0) in treated cells are independent of the extent of chlorophyll bleaching. In contrast to norflurazon, the latter two herbicides do not inhibit carotenogenesis. Decrease of photosystem-II reaction centers may be due to non-specific pigment destruction (oxyfluorfen) or interference w'ith chlorophyll biosynthesis.