Variability of the Red River Plume in the Gulf of Tonkin as Revealed by Numerical Modeling and Clustering Analysis

Tung Nguyen-Duy,Thomas Duhaut,Nadia K Ayoub,Patrick Marsaleix,Florence Toublanc,Marine Herrmann,Thanh Ngo-Duc,Violaine Piton,Pierre De Mey-Frémaux,Manh Cuong Tran

doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.772139

Abstract

We study the daily to interannual variability of the Red River plume in the Gulf of Tonkin from numerical simulations at high resolution over 6 years (2011–2016). Compared with observational data, the model results show good performance. To identify the plume, passive tracers are used in order to (1) help distinguish the freshwater coming from different continental sources, including the Red River branches, and (2) avoid the low salinity effect due to precipitation. We first consider the buoyant plume formed by the Red River waters and three other nearby rivers along the Vietnamese coast. We show that the temporal evolution of the surface coverage of the plume is correlated with the runoff (within a lag), but that the runoff only cannot explain the variability of the river plume; other processes, such as winds and tides, are involved. Using a K-means unsupervised machine learning algorithm, the main patterns of the plume and their evolution in time are analyzed and linked to different environmental conditions. In winter, the plume is narrow and sticks along the coast most of the time due to the downcoast current and northeasterly wind. In early summer, the southwesterly monsoon wind makes the plume flow offshore. The plume reaches its highest coverage in September after the peak of runoff. Vertically, the plume thickness also shows seasonal variations. In winter, the plume is narrow and mixed over the whole water depth, while in summer, the plume can be detached both from the bottom and the coast. The plume can deepen offshore in summer, due to strong wind (in May, June) or specifically to a recurrent eddy occurring near 19°N (in August). This first analysis of the variability of the Red River plume can be used to provide a general picture of the transport of materials from the river to the ocean, for example in case of anthropogenic chemical substances leaked to the river. For this purpose, we provide maps of the receiving basins for the different river systems in the Gulf of Tonkin.

Highlights

River plume can be defined in a general way as the region of the coastal ocean where its properties and dynamics are affected by the river runoff (Horner-Devine et al, 2015)
As the present study focuses on the fate of continental water into the coastal ocean, a specific effort has been deployed on the river runoffs implementation; section “River Configurations” is dedicated to its description
One peak is located in the north (50 cm) and another peak is located at 19◦N (30 cm) along the Vietnamese coast

Summary

Introduction

River plume can be defined in a general way as the region of the coastal ocean where its properties and dynamics are affected by the river runoff (Horner-Devine et al, 2015). It is the first step toward the study of the dispersion of the possible contaminations and toward the design of strategies for monitoring and managing the water quality and the health of ecosystems. These are crucial issues in densely populated areas, such as many deltaic regions of Southeast Asia, including the Gulf of Tonkin

Objectives

Results

Discussion

Conclusion