Variability of the nutrient stream near Kuroshio's origin

Chen-Tung Arthur Chen,Haiyan Yang,Ting-Hsuan Huang,Chi-Hsuan Wu,Xinyu Guo

doi:10.1038/s41598-021-84420-5

Abstract

The Kuroshio—literally “the Black Stream”—is the most substantial current in the Pacific Ocean. It was called the Black Stream because this oligotrophic current is so nutrient-poor in its euphotic zone that the water appears black without the influence of phytoplankton and the associated, often colored dissolved organic matter. Yet, below the euphotic layer, nutrient concentrations increase with depth while current speed declines. Consequently, a core of maximum nutrient flux, the so-called nutrient stream, develops at a depth of roughly between 200 and 800 m. This poorly studied nutrient stream transports nutrients to and supports high productivity and fisheries on the East China Sea continental shelf; it also transports nutrients to and promotes increased productivity and fisheries in the Kuroshio Extension and the subarctic Pacific Ocean. Three modes of the Kuroshio nutrient stream are detected off SE Taiwan for the first time: one has a single-core; one has two cores that are apparently separated by the ridge at 120.6–122° E, and one has two cores that are separated by a southward flow above the ridge. More importantly, northward nutrient transports seem to have been increasing since 2015 as a result of a 30% increase in subsurface water transport, which began in 2013. Such a nutrient stream supports the Kuroshio's high productivity, such as on the East China Sea continental shelf and in the Kuroshio Extension SE of Japan.

Highlights

The Kuroshio—literally “the Black Stream”—is the most substantial current in the Pacific Ocean
The Kuroshio subsurface waters are very nutrient-rich, and a nutrient stream reportedly exists below the euphotic z one[1,2,3,4], similar to one that was first found in the Gulf S tream[5]
Since the nutrient concentrations are low in the surface layer of the Kuroshio, in which the water transport is high, and the nutrient concentrations are elevated in deep layers where the water transport is low, a "nutrient stream" develops at a depth of several hundred meters

Summary

Introduction

The Kuroshio—literally “the Black Stream”—is the most substantial current in the Pacific Ocean. A core of maximum nutrient flux, the so-called nutrient stream, develops at a depth of roughly between 200 and 800 m This poorly studied nutrient stream transports nutrients to and supports high productivity and fisheries on the East China Sea continental shelf; it transports nutrients to and promotes increased productivity and fisheries in the Kuroshio Extension and the subarctic Pacific Ocean. This work concerns spatial and temporal variations of water and nutrient transports of the Kuroshio, and the reasons for such variations in the range 121–124° E at 21.75° N southeast of Taiwan, based on measurements made in 14 cruises between 1990 and 2015 (Fig. 1; Table S1) This cross-section was designated as the 20th Pacific Repeated Line in the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (PR 20). East of 123° E, the currents are weak and frequently flow southward

Methods

Findings

Conclusion